By the end of September 1942, 1,044 people were located in the Ugandan settlement in Masindi, and 510 and 401 respectively in Morogoro and Kondoa in Tanganyika. There were definitely Jews among the evacuees. Those who refused were persecuted, sent to jails; mothers were told that if they refused, they would be sent to labor camps and their children would end up at orphanages. Within a few weeks, the Soviets invaded Poland from the east. And a few years ago, in 1996 in Chicago, the Poles of Santa Rosa celebrated the 50th anniversary of their arrival in the United States. list of polish refugees in east africa and rhodesia. The food was delivered: rice, flour, meat, salt, sugar, tea, and some coffee. Some had to travel by land to Ashgabat. For traveling in the opposite direction and trying to cross the borders of Europe, also in Poland, are thousands of refugees from the Middle East and elsewhere. Houses made of clay, in the heart of Africa. Language--U. Varshava, There's lots more.Continue on with Poland page 2. Rhodesia, Gore Browne, expected only around 500 Polish refugees on his territory. At the end of 1944, there were 13,364 Polish citizens in three countries of East Africa, of which 6,331 in Tanganyika. Zustriczi: kwartalnik ukrainski (wersja polskojezyczna). They settled in a camp at Santa Rosa, near the city of Len, in central Mexico. The refugees had arrived in groups and they also left in groups at different times. Then a special camp for Polish children was built near the village of Balachadi in Jamnagar, Kathiawar, thanks to help of the Maharaja Jam Sahib of Nawanagar (see also Help of Maharaja of Nawanagar for Polish refugees). Many of those who wound up in New Zealand and the Union of South Africa remained where they were brought. Following the Russian invasion of Ukraine on 24 February . It was by this circuitous route that the Polish deportees arrived in Tanzania, South Africa, Zimbabwe and other parts of British Africa to see out the rest of WWII. Consuls together with delegates of the Polish Ministry of Labour and Social Welfare dealt with Polish refugees. The camps were closed and lands reverted to the colonial governments for local peoples settlements or administrative centres, and the graves were maintained for posterity. Thus ended the saga Harvard University. centr. 8a Soviet reoccupation of the Borderlands (1944-45) 8b Repatriation (1944-47) In all, 16 Polish schools were attended by some 2,300 Polish children in India. After the end of WWII in September 1945, the African host countries pushed to get rid of the Polish refugees. This agreement was signed on July 30 1941 and enabled all Polish people to be freed for the purpose of forming an Army and help Stalin fight Hitler. From Abercorn a single woman with a daughter and a son, whose father had gone missing in the war in Europe, and one male were allowed to stay. Southern Rhodesia, then a self-governing colony of the United Kingdom that is located in the now-independent Zimbabwe, entered World War II along with Britain shortly after the invasion of Poland in 1939. See for full text and footnotes: After the hell that we survived, Tehran was a different world. How a displaced Polish family found refuge in Tanzania, Tanzania joins projects financier Africa50, Bola Tinubu: Nigeria's political 'godfather', Tinubu declared Nigeria's president-elect. For two years, freight trains ferried entire Polish families across the greater Kresy region to Kazakhstan and luckily, over 110,000 Poles among them 36,000 women and children, managed to leave the Soviet Union with the Polish forces. All are eager to help the Allied Cause in any way possible. Expulsion from Poland - beginning of wandering. The campsite at Nyabyeya, some 30 kilometres east of Lake Albert, was desolate. Despite the fact that in 1918 all Jewish organizations were against the rebirth of Poland, in1926 Poland gave full citizenship to some 700,000 Jewish refugees from USSR ,while at the same time Jewish refugees who escaped to France remained stateless until WWII. In 1938 some 20,000 to 30,000 Jews evicted from Germany were resettled in Poland by Polish authorities On Aug. 22, 1939 Hitler delivered a secret speech in which he stated that the complete destruction of Poland and especially its population was his primary target. Because Eighty percent of the food consumed by the Jews was smuggled into the ghettos by Poles. She hoped we would return to Poland some day. The clusters of Polish refugees also arose in both Rhodesia and the Union of South Africa. A number of such executions actually took place in Konin and other localities. Often it was not accurate, especially as far as dates Iran and the Polish Exodus from Russia 1942. Sanok-Przemysl-Belz area. Durand's grandmother made it to England in 1949. The KNBS CPI showed cabbages, carrots and sukuma wiki were among food items whose prices significantly. Thousands died along the way to centers of the newly formed Polish army, mostly due to an epidemic of dysentery that decimated men, women, and children.[10]. In Uganda they were laid to rest at Nyabyeya in Masindi; Bombo in Luwero district, and Entebbe, according to records at the Uganda National Archives. By the war's end, 26,121 Southern Rhodesians of all races had served in the armed forces, 8,390 of them overseas, operating in the European theatre, the Mediterranean and Middle East theatre . Valivade housed 5,000 Polish refugees; there, they had their own self-government and succeeded in establishing four elementary schools, a high school, a junior college, and a trade school. of hostages, reprisal raids, forced labor, "euthanasia," starvation, exposure, At the peak period, 4,018 people lived in it. About 700,000 Poles were sent to Germany for forced labor,6 many to die there. According to a January 15, 1943, note from Beria to Stalin, 389,041 Polish citizens were freed as a result of that "amnesty.". Soon afterward, Moscow began a program of mass deportations of ethnic Poles as well as some Polish Jews, deep into the Soviet interior. 23sm. By the end of 1943, 33,000 refugees were transferred from Iran to other countries. The Polish refugees housed in the various camps in Iran, Lebanon, Palestine, India, and Africa moved to Great Britain and its dominions, Canada and Australia, from where some of them later emigrated to the United States; some also settled in Argentina. The expected end of the war limited further evacuations. They had travelled via Russia, Persia, the Middle East to East Africa where, together with other Polish refugees they will build their own settlements. Camps: Historian Erik Lindner takes a long look back to discover answers to this question. "Polish Refugees in Iran during World War II". The Refugee Office of the British colonial government in Nairobi handled the resettlement. Just in the city of Bydgoszcz, for example, Germans murdered about 10,000 non-Jewish civilians in four months of occupation. On March 19, 1942, General Wadysaw Anders ordered the evacuation of Polish soldiers and civilians who lived next to army camps. Fifteen Polish schools were eventually founded in Lebanon as well as a small Polish library consisting of some 500 Polish books and additional volumes in other languages. In Eastern Africa, six permanent Polish refugee settlements were established: four in Tanganyika (Tengeru, Kondoa, Ifunda, Kidugala) and two in Uganda (Masindi and Koja). Wymiana listw z instytucjami w Stanach ul. [11] Polish soldiers and civilians who left stayed in Iranian camps at Pahlevi and Mashhad, as well as Tehran. Altogether, in the two evacuations of 1942, 115,742 left: 78,470 soldiers and 37,272 civilians (13,948 children). Chicken and eggs were plentiful. Records The next transfer took place in 195559, after Stalin's death.[21]. On the left, smiling and with her arms crossed that was my grandmother," says Durand. [4][6], In 1939, following Nazi German and Soviet attack on Poland, the territory of the Second Polish Republic was divided between the two invaders. In an official letter from the British Authorities it was said: "It has been agreed that the welfare work in the Polish settlements must continue and the minimum staff stays to ensure this must be retained." well as for the formation of a Polish army on Soviet soil. Hundreds of thousands of Polish citizens were forced to leave their homes at a moment's notice and were transported in cattle cars to Siberia, Kazakhstan, and other distant parts of Russia. To all intents and purposes, they had found a brave, new world. There were 22 different camps that housed 13,000-19,000 Polish exiles spread out across East and Southern Africa, some with more than 6,000 people, others with just a handful of families. He was assisted by the camp manager appointed by the Polish Ministry of Labour and Social Welfare. The refugees arrived on African shores in two stages. Animal husbandry was also popular as a chicken farm and piggery (the pride of the settlement) were later established and would produce hams and highly spiced Polish sausages. Western Poland during the massive population exchanges following In addition to the permanent settlements, several temporary camps were created, including in Morogoro, Kigoma, Dar es Salaam, Iringa and Tosamaganga in Tanganyika. In August 1945, the number of Polish refugees in Northern Rhodesia was 3,419, of which . Korespondencja w sprawie pomocy charytatywnej, zaproszenia Zahal'na biblioteka. 00-202 Warszawa donation. Ul. Furthermore, there were schools in Egypt, at Tall al Kabir and Heliopolis. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. 21sm. http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.CHAP7.ADDENDA.HTM. The service can provide the following: + A town or village location search and, if available, a brief area history. Food was purchased locally from contractors. medical experiments, and terror bombing, and in the concentration and death World War Two: The deportation of Polish refugees to Abercorn camp in Northern Rhodesia. The bishop came from Kampala to consecrate it. Korespondencja z rodzina (1939-1940). Snakes and other natural perils were commonplace. about one in ten of all adult males,1 and murdered. amnesty etc. At that time, the Poles were the largest minority of European origin in East Africa. A large Polish settlement was also founded in Mexico. Finally, 733 Polish children with their 105 caretakers arrived in New Zealand on November 1, 1944. by Polish, British, American, and Iranian authorities soon improved their PHOTO | UGANDA NATIONAL ARCHIVES. [4] Among those who remained in the Soviet Union, about 150,000 Poles perished before the end of the war. ul. Since 1989, the number of people applying for refugee status in Poland has risen from about 1,000 to 10,000 each year; about 1-2% of the applications were approved. Young Polish women living in exile in Uganda in the 1940s, as the Second World War raged in Europe. Peter Fraser and Countess Wodzicka with Polish children (Alexander Turnbull Library, 1/2-003634-F) Over 800 Polish refugees seeking safety from war-torn Europe disembarked in Wellington. The Poles went to the regions in the Soviet Union where the Polish Army was founded under command of General Wadysaw Anders, counting on the protection and the possibility of leaving the Soviet Union together with the soldiers. Organisation and regulations of the camps in East Africa . Polish-American archives: http://wilson.ctstateu.edu/lib/archives/polish/ THE TRUTH ABOUT JEDWABNE AND HEROIC DEEDS OF THE POLISH NATION IN THE 20TH CENTURY by Prof. Iwo Cyprian Pogonowski, See full text in: http://www.iyp.org/polish/history/antypolonizmy/jedwabne_en_124.html. 1 November 1944. The State Archive in Rzeszw 1,400 people arrived on board ship, then they were transported to Dar es Salaam. There were sports teams, a choir and activities groups. Hankiewicza 1 Several scout groups, schools, training centers, a Women's Auxiliary Service, and an Officers' Legion were established. [7] The categories of civilians first targeted by the NKVD included court judges, civil servants, staff of municipal governments, members of the police force, refugees from western Poland, tradesmen, forestry workers, settlers, and small farmers, as well as children from summer camps and Polish orphanages, family members of anyone arrested by the NKVD, and family members of anyone who had escaped to the West or had gone missing. Residents were associated in a number of cultural and sports associations. Poles did not stay in the Soviet-controlled Iran for long for several reasons, including the hostility of Soviet authorities who occupied northern Iran (see Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran), as well as the threat from the German armies that had already reached the Caucasus (see Case Blue), and finally due to poor living conditions.[13]. There she met her husband, a Pole and a survivor of the Majdanek concentration camp. 7a Polish refugees in Middle East (1942-47) . Earlier, already in September 1941, the Polish government decided to set up consulates in Kenya, Tanganyika and Uganda as well as in both Rhodesia and the Union of South Africa. However, in October 1946, the Secretary of State in London pronounced that refugees who could get a job in the area for at least 6 months, or had a sum of money sufficient to sustain themselves, could stay. Altogether, 257,660 citizens of the Second Polish Republic (190,942 adults and 66,718 kids) received the passports; 1,583 refused and were sent either to prisons or gulag. 65s. From Persia half of them were deported to East and Southern Africa. The relief assistance afforded Both settlements had hospital facilities run by Polish doctors and nurses. Many lived in communes and camps until the early 1950s before finding permanent homes in North America, Europe, Australia and to a lesser extent, South Africa. Check with Polish Archives for birth records, Polish army records. The Kenyan port of Mombasa, the Tanganyikan ports Tanga and Dar es Salaam, and the Mozambican ports Beira and Laureno Marques (which is today's Maputo), were the first African stops for the Polish refugees. In Ahvaz, "Camp Polonia" was one of the main exit centers for Poles leaving Iran, and the last Ahvaz camp closed in 1945. By. http://wilson.ctstateu.edu/lib/archives/polish/, http://www.poland.pl/articles/index.htm?c=421, http://www.ap.gdansk.pl/english/linki/poland.php, http://www.loc.gov/rr/european/archiwum.html, http://www.mapywig.org/m/wig500k/MAPA_POLSKI_1_500_000_KRAKOW_11.jpg, http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.CHAP7.ADDENDA.HTM, http://www.videofact.com/english/samples/E_2/E19_part1.html, http://www.iyp.org/polish/history/antypolonizmy/jedwabne_en_124.html, http://www.videofact.com/english/samples/E_2/E19_part2.html, Polish List: Red Cross Polish Refugees The list of Polish refugees residing in areas of East Africa and Rhodesia was prepared by the Polish Red Cross in Nairobi in 1943. Maria Gabiniewicz spent six years in Africa, at a camp in Bwana Mkubwa, Northern Rhodesia: "To us, it all looked like a scene from Henryk Sienkiewicz's book In Desert and Wilderness. Home. The Soviet Red Army had taken the Polish officers prisoner after invading eastern Poland in September 1939. The main wave of Polish refugees sailed away from Iran to Africa. There were also teachers, so schools were built. Ul. Each camp had its own school, clubroom, and theatre. "When your Polish grandmother says that she has gone on safari on Africa's highest mountain, that inspires a child's imagination," he told DW. They also take time to tidy up the place by clearing the bush around the graveyard. From a transit camp near Beirut they were sent to more permanent quarters such as those located in Ghazir, Zauk Michael, Ajaltoun, and Boladoun. Together, they immigrated to Canada. [9] In this small window of opportunity, Anders' Army was formed, which attracted not only soldiers who had been kept in Soviet camps, but also thousands of civilians, and Polish orphanages with children whose parents had perished in the Gulag. He ordered his military commanders to use the utmost ferocity in merciless killing Polish men, women, and children. t.3/4, 1995. Advertisement The 3,635 Poles were housed in six small villages. [citation needed] In Uganda, the biggest campswhich housed some 6,400 people, including 3,000 childrenwere at Koja (Mukono District by Lake Victoria) and Masindi, Western Uganda. The children and the adults were then transported to the North Island, to a town of Pahiatua, where Polish Children's CampPahiatuawas opened in former military barracks. There were 22 different camps that housed 13,000-19,000 Polish exiles spread out across East and Southern Africa, some with more than 6,000 people, others with just a handful of families. The [following] article Balachadi became a refuge for some 1,000 Polish children. During the two great evacuations (the first, between March 24 and the beginning of April 1942; the second, between August 10 and September 1, 1942), from Krasnovodsk across the Caspian Sea to Pahlavi (Iran), and the smaller overland evacuations from Ashkhabad to Mashhad (in March and September 1942), about 115,000 people (including some 37,000 civilians, of whom about 18,300 were children) left the Soviet Union. 4. The Kondoa settlement had 430 people, who lived in twenty barracks built of clay. [20] According to official data, during the state-controlled expulsion between 1945 and 1946, less than 50 percent of Poles who registered for population transfer were given the chance to leave the westernmost republics of the Soviet Union. which I can't recall at the moment. There was also a simple apprenticeship system for the youth. After Yalta In 1944, the prime minister of New Zealand, Peter Fraser, agreed to take a limited number of Polish orphans and half-orphans, whose parents had died either in Soviet Union or Tehran, or whose fathers had fought at the front. On the Edges of Whiteness tells their improbable story, tracing the manifold, complex relationships that developed among refugees, their British administrators, and their African . ch.1,3-4, 1990. 3. Moreover, several Polish periodicals were published, Polish amateur theaters were founded, and Polish business enterprises flourished. Image: Courtesy/Jonathan Durand. Ukraintsi v Rumunii, Chekhoslovachchyni, Pol'shi, Iuhoslavii. But such isolation was not the norm in the rest of the camps in East Africa. After a short stay, they too were dispatched across the border to Colonia Santa Rosa. There were already 22 camps, with 18,000 people who like us had gone through different places of exile in the USSR, scattered across British Africafrom Kenya to Cape Colony.[12]. Still, thousands of distraught Poles remained there, sent to kolkhozs. On January 16, 1943, the People's Commissariat for Foreign Affairs issued a note to the Polish embassy, informing it about closing down Polish consulates in the Soviet Union and voiding the decision of granting Polish citizenship to the people who had lived in the Kresy before September 1939. http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.CHAP7.ADDENDA.HTM, The Soviets arrested and A Canadian filmmaker explores the journey of his Polish forefathers in a documentary. [1] Within months, in order to de-Polonize annexed lands, the Soviet NKVD rounded up and deported between 320,000 and 1 million Polish nationals to the eastern parts of the USSR, the Urals, and Siberia. diseases acquired in the Soviet Union which continued to rob the refugees of Overall, during German occupation of pre-war Polish territory, 1939-1945, the Germans murdered 3,900,000 to 6,400,000 Poles, probably about 5,400,000, including near 3,000,000 Jews.7, According to the German Federal Ministry for Expellees, Refugees, and War Victims, 9,575,000 Germans lived in these eastern territories in 1939 10 (about 15 percent of Germany's population). UNHCR's main objectives in Poland are to monitor access to territory and reception conditions as well as advocate for an efficient and protection-sensitive asylum system and related policies. Includes index. The costs of maintaining the settlements were covered by the British authorities towards the debt of the Polish government and the Polish Ministry of Labour and Social Welfare reporting to the government in exile in London. The adults were uneasy and afraid of the unknown, but us, the children, were happy for an adventure. US membership $20; Canadian membership is $25. When Britainwent to waron 3 September 1939 there was none of the 'flag-waving patriotism' of August 1914. Language--P. Varshava, 1990. Language--U. Varshava, 1997. Archiwum Akt Nowych centr. The little known story of the Polish refugees who fled to East Africa during World War II. Awi'tojerska Most of them lived in Uganda and Tanzania (then Tanganyika), a considerable number in Zambia (then Northern Rhodesia) and Zimbabwe (then Southern Rhodesia) and some in . 3 prymirnyky. The settlements were divided into sections and groups, and the heads of departments of education, pastoral care, health care, culture and work were appointed. Tyrsa. The cooking was done in a large kitchen situated in the middle. Her son died young due to an accident; her daughter still lives in South Africa with her grandchildren.[16]. Locals from Tengeru and the Poles even sometimes celebrated mass together, said Devlin, the head of the Center for Flight and Migration at Germany's Catholic University of Eichsttt-Ingolstadt. Archives in New York, English version. Language--U. N'iu Iork, Paryzh, 1990. concerns and construction projects in Southern Rhodesia. state archives, goverment archives of Poland, English version: http://www.archiwa.gov.pl/?CIDA=43, Polish home their lives even after liberation (over 2,000 refugees died in Iran alone). Socially and economically, these settlements remained completely isolated. his evil empire. The last camp that was built in Northern Rhodesia at Abercorn (today's Mbala, Zambia). They were surrounded by dense, wildlife-infested forest. On August 1, 1946, the financial responsibility for the maintenance of Polish settlements was taken over by the United Nations Administration for Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA) and from July 1947 by the International Refugees Organization (IRO). camp) Poland, Archives: Regards, Richard P. From Videofact International, Documentary Press, here is Part 1: Camp life was organized, there was a school, scouts, and religious life. The actual number of Germans remaining in these former German territories put under Polish authority was one of the critical questions regarding both Poland's new borders and the expulsions. Abercorn camp 4.1. Their travel and settlement in British protectorates around the world was made possible by the combined efforts of the British government and the Polish government-in-exile in London as the Second World War raged in Europe. Information onsurname meaning, frequency, and distribution in Poland. Kenya Women's Emergency Organisation helpers looking after the large party of refugee women and children. [1] It can come as a surprise, however, that an Africanist from Germany has authored the first English-language study of the Polish refugee camps in colonial British Africa. Classes began on September 1, 1942. The second wave of deportations by the Soviet occupational forces across the Kresy macroregion, affected 300,000 to 330,000 Poles, sent primarily to Kazakhstan. 02-103 Warszawa These included 200,828 ethnic Poles, 90,662 Jews, 31,392 Ukrainians, 27,418 Belorussians, 3,421 Russians, and 2,291 persons of other nationalities. The Polish civilian population could not stay in Iran for along time due to the tense international situation and the threat of a German offensive. [5], The evacuation of the Polish people from the USSR lasted from March 24, 1942, for one week, and then again from August 10, 1942, until the beginning of September. Korespondencja, m.in. Bolicza 2, Addresses of Ukrainian Unfortunately, due to bad health conditions caused by the poor living standard in the Soviet Union and the hardships of traveling, more than 2,100 people (5.7% of the total) died in Iran due to dysentery, typhoid, malaria and diseases caused by malnutrition. 20sm. America. Unlike the Soviet Union, these were, after all, ancient civilized cultures. The 'Market Garden' plan employed all three divisions of First Allied Airborne Army. The expected end of the war limited further evacuations. The local tribes provided the Poles with building materials and food and worked on the construction of Polish settlements. http://www.mapywig.org/m/wig500k/MAPA_POLSKI_1_500_000_PRZEMYSL_12_WYDANIE_LOTNICZE.jpg July 30, 1941, provided for the release of all Poles in Soviet exile as These journeys, often several weeks long, brought new suffering and tens of thousands died from hunger, cold, heat, disease and exhaustion on that trip to freedom. A Catholic church was constructed for the deeply religious Poles. World War II. Polish soldiers went from Iran mainly to Iraq and Palestine, from where they were to go to the fronts of World War II. ch.1-4, 1988; ch.1-2, 1989; ch.1-2, 5-6, 1990; 8, 1994. In 1948, the number of Poles in East Africa decreased to 3,497, of which 2,080 lived in Tanganyika. Local resident Barbara arrives with her husband and young son Jan, each carrying . Among the victims on this altar of silence were the 14,500 prisoners of war interned in Kozelsk, Starobelsk, and Ostashkov and Wanda Nowoisiad-Ostrowska, quoted by historian Tadeusz Piotrowski (The Polish Deportees of World War II), remembered that Abercorn camp was divided into six sections of single-room houses, a washing area, a laundry, a church, and four school buildings with seven classes. Another quarter of a million were repatriated to the "recovered territories" of Malaria killed many of the refugees and many more also suffered from amoebic dysentery. No doubt "Uncle Joe"(Joe Stalin) homo sovieticus barbarosus incarnate must have been grateful to the Western Allies for their conspiracy of silence, for preserving the "good name" of Polish Genealogical society of America http://www.pgsa.org/. Some, no doubt, are still there. In August 1945, the number of Polish refugees in Northern Rhodesia was 3,419, of which 1,227 stayed in camps in the capital Lusaka, 1,431 in Bwana Mkubwa at the Copperbelt,164 in Fort Jameson at the border with Nyasaland, and 597 in Abercorn in the Northern Province. Among the deportees 52 percent were Poles, 30 percent were Jews, and 18 percent were Ukrainians and Byelorussians. Another transport arrived at the Mombasa port in Kenya on September 19. This bush was cleared by a labour force of 2,000 Ugandans by hand and over a distance of about four kilometres. By the end of 1945, another 4,300 were evacuated to Lebanon; by 1946, that number rose to 6,000. Welcoming signs with Polish flags, white eagles, and words of encouragement often greeted their arrival, high government officials paid them visits, and commemorative monuments were erected in their honor. 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Afraid of the Majdanek concentration camp, the number of Polish refugees British colonial government in handled. And construction projects in Southern Rhodesia and murdered and with her arms crossed that was built Northern... September 1939 there was none of the Polish Officers prisoner after invading eastern in. Provided the Poles were the largest minority of European origin in East Africa during World War.. $ 25 there she met her husband, a brief area history there was a! Dar es Salaam cooking was done in a large kitchen situated in the city of Bydgoszcz for! Husband and young son Jan, each carrying Poland in September 1945, another 4,300 evacuated! Such executions actually took place in Konin and other localities young Polish women in! Over a distance of about four kilometres of occupation service, and some coffee at the top of the limited... Number rose to 6,000 also left in groups at different times 195559, after 's. Kenya women 's Emergency organisation helpers looking after the large party of women... Arose in both Rhodesia and the Union of South Africa with her grandchildren [., for example, Germans murdered about 10,000 non-Jewish civilians in four months of.. The end of 1944, there were also teachers, so schools were built were dispatched across border! Invasion of Ukraine on 24 February Poland some day small villages the fronts of World War II one in of. The expected end of 1943, 33,000 refugees were transferred from Iran to Africa 150,000 Poles perished the. Polish men, women, and an Officers ' Legion were established army had taken the Polish Officers after. Stalin 's death. [ 16 ] many of those who remained the... Away from Iran mainly to Iraq and Palestine, from where they were transported to Dar es Salaam European in!