The whole town consisting of about 9,000 to 9,300 people was destroyed, and Diexi was completely submerged in water. The killer lahars enveloped the whole of Armero town, killing many thousands. Communities are urged to examine their costs of landslide damage and to evaluate the feasibility of several alternative programs that, for a modest investment, could significantly reduce these losses. The unchecked tourism in the region had promoted the rapid growth of hotels, roads, and shops throughout the region without paying heed to the environmental laws and demands of the ecosystem. A dormant volcano, the Nevado del Ruiz in Tolima, Colombia, suddenly came to life on November 13, 1985, wreaking havoc on the nearby villages and towns, and killing as many as 23,000 people. Climate and climate change. Monetary losses from landslides come from the destruction of infrastructure, homes and businesses; loss of life; disruption of transportation routes; disruption and contamination of water supplies; and the difficulty of both removing and stabilizing landslide material. An anecdotal time to failure curve is presented, based on eyewitness accounts and observations of instability. The southern margin of the Tien Shan is characterised by combination of dextral strike-slip faulting and southward thrusting over the Tajik Basin to the south along the Gissar-Kokshaal fault zone. A pyroclastic flow from the crater of the volcano had melted the glaciers in the mountain and sent deadly lahars, saturated with mud, ice, snow, and volcanic debris, rushing down the mountain at killer speeds towards the residential areas directly below it. For the Yasman Valley flowslide they estimate about 4,000 fatalities, and they determine that there were probably a further 2,400 deaths. The avalanche, locally referred to as Huayco, involved a massive ice sheet that was estimated to be about 1 kilometer wide and 40 feet high. The northern wall of Mount Huascarn was destabilized, causing a rock, ice and snow avalanche and burying the towns of Yungay and Ranrahirca. Before they can be expected to take action, local governments need to have an appreciation of costs of damage in their areas of responsibility and of the reductions in losses that can be achieved. There was one more such subsequent eruption at Mount Kelud in 1966, that took more than 200 lives. A marble statue of a woman with her head and hands lowered and an expression of grief was later erected at the site. The other landslide considered is a very large and complex flowslide that swept down the Yasman Valley, covering about 20 km. The Khait or Hoit landslide occurred on July 10, 1949 in the Hoit district in the Gharm Oblast in the Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic, then part of the Soviet Union. The landslide dam located downstream came apart after the earthquake, precisely 45 days later, on October 9. Mount Kelud, in Eastern Java, Indonesia, is quite infamous as an extremely active, hazardous volcano, and one which has erupted about 30 times in the past killing thousands of people in its volcanic disasters. The January 10, 2005 La Conchita landslide was the deadliest single event triggered by the 2004-2005 storm sequence. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1949_Khait_earthquake&oldid=1119783370, Articles containing Russian-language text, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 3 November 2022, at 11:24. 62 Nevado Huascaran Debris Fall, Ranrahirca, Peru, January 1962 (4,500 deaths) 7. Numerous kishlaks in the Yasman River valley were overwhelmed by the loess flowslide that swept down the whole length of the valley.
Although heavy rainfall affected other states like Haryana, Delhi, Himachal Pradesh, and Uttar Pradesh almost 90% of the fatalities were associated with Uttarakhand. Why is it important to carry out a porosity test before perming? (2003) Rockfall hazard analysis for Hong Kong based on rockfall inventory Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering, Vol. What are the different types of landslide hazard maps? document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Evans, S., Roberts, N., Ischuk, A., Delaney, K., Morozova, G., & Tutubalina, O. Steele landslides, Yukon, Glacial advances constrained by 10Be exposure dating of bedrock landslides, Kyrgyz Tien Shan, Earthquakes, Landslides, Dams and Reservoirs in the Tien Shan, Central Asia, The 6 August 2010 Mount Meager rock slide-debris flow, Coast Mountains, British Columbia: characteristics, dynamics, and implications for hazard and risk assessment, The sedimentology and geomorphology of rock avalanche deposits on glaciers, Influence of runout-path material on emplacement of the Round Top rock avalanche, New Zealand, Late Holocene catastrophic slope collapse affected by deep-seated gravitational deformation in flysch: Ropice Mountain, Czech Republic, A new classification of earthquake-induced landslide event sizes based on seismotectonic, topographic, climatic and geologic factors, Temporal behavior of deep-seated gravitational slope deformations: A review, 2nd INQUA-IGCP 567 International Workshop on Active Tectonics, Earthquake Geology, Archaeology and Engineering, Large landslides associated with a diapiric fold in Canelles Reservoir (Spanish Pyrenees): Detailed geological-geomorphological mapping, trenching and electrical resistivity imaging, Morphologic description of the Punta cola rock avalanche and associated minor rockslides caused by the 21 April 2007 Aysn earthquake (Patagonia, southern Chile), Extremely large rockslides and rock avalanches in the Tien Shan Mountains, Kyrgyzstan, Landslides from Massive Rock Slope Failure, Investigating Rock-Slope Failures in the Tien Shan: State-of-the-Art and Perspectives of International Cooperation (M111), Utilisation of Data Derived from Large-Scale Experiments and Study of Natural Blockages for Blast-Fill Dam Design, Heavy rainfall triggered loessmudstone landslide and subsequent debris flow in Tianshui, China, Landslide dams and their hazard after the 25 April 2015 Gorkha Earthquake in Central Nepal, A study on socio economic effects of landslides in Iran, Investigating the effect of earthquakes on open pit mine slopes, A Review of the Advantages and Limitations of Geophysical Investigations in Landslide Studies, Invited review A unified landslide classification system for loess slopes: A critical review-NC-ND license (http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0, Possibility of landslide damming in the Vakhsh River catchment and its effect on the hydraulic schemes and population Possibility of landslide damming in the Vakhsh River catchment and its effect on the hydraulic schemes and population, Past to present deformation of the central-eastern Southern Alps: from the foreland to the Giudicarie belt, Usoy Natural Dam: Problem of Security (Lake Sarez, Pamir Mountains,Tadjikistan), Tien Shan geohazards database: Earthquakes and landslides, Seismotectonics of the Tajik Basin and Surrounding Mountain Ranges, Dense GPS profiles across the northwestern tip of the IndiaAsia collision zone: Triggered slip and westward flow of the Peter the First Range, Pamir, into the Tajik Depression, Legacies of catastrophic rock slope failures in mountain landscapes, Seismic triggering of landslides, Part A: Field evidence from the Northern Tien Shan, Gravity effects caused by moderate earthquakes: role of local fault pattern, Window-Based Morphometric Indices as Predictive Variables for Landslide Susceptibility Models, Large rockslides in the Southern Central Andes of Chile (3234.5S): Tectonic control and significance for Quaternary landscape evolution, Back-calculation of the 2017 Piz Cengalo-Bondo landslide cascade with r.avaflow. . American Geosciences Institute. The negative economic effects of landslides include the cost to repair structures, loss of property value . Deadliest Landslides In Recorded History. These landslides involved rock-slope failure as well as many loess flowslides. 2 Comments/Trackbacks , Your email address will not be published. The Winter of 1999 witnessed unusually heavy rainfall in the Vargas State of Venezuela. The dams function was to retain the glacial meltwaters of Lake Palcacocha helping to prevent against melting of the lakes glaciers. Even a small landslide that damages a few homes can cost millions of dollars. The landslide is located on the Kabir Kuh anticline in Southwest Iran at 33 degrees north latitude, 47.65 degrees east longitude. The July 11, 1999, Davis-Weber Canal break in Riverdale damaged over 75 homes, 15 to 20 of them . Just clear tips and lifehacks for every day, Landslides include a wide range of phenomena involving downslope ground movement, such as rockfalls, deep slope failure, shallow debris flows, and avalanches. Therefore, the authors of the report extend their sincere gratitude for assistance in the course of our work. An article in press in the journal Engineering Geology, by Steve Evans and colleagues (Evans et al. Landslides are caused by rain, earthquakes, volcanoes, or other factors that make the slope unstable. Accueil | ENGINEERING ARTICLES | Civil Engineering Articles | GEOTECHNICAL | Deadliest Landslides In Recorded History. What are the natural causes of landslides? As a result of work performed, we have highlighted, described and assessed the following natural hazards: earthquakes, floods, landslides, mudflows, river and ravine erosion, suffusion, karst and subsidence. Copyright 2023. (2009 in press). This was a Mw=7.4 event on 10th July 1949 in the Tien Shan mountains of what is now Tajikistan, but was then the Soviet Union. Fire in 1906 San Francisco and 1923 Great Kanto caused significant losses, but since then, important losses have also occurred in many earthquakes. In May of 1970, an earthquake triggered a massive series of landslides and avalanches of rock and snow that buried the towns of Yungay and Ranrahirca. Famous as being one of the most severe landslide dam breach events in Chinese history, it claimed thousands of lives. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. this article in Mountain Research and Development, The Institute of Hazard, Risk and Resilience Blog, The Bridge: Connecting Science and Policy, Joshimath: new satellite imagery and ongoing issues with the movement of the landslide, Kandersteg: a massive rock slope failure in Switzerland caught on video, The 22 February 2023 landslide at a coal mine at Alxa League, China, Vila Sahy, So Paulo: extreme rainfall in Brazil has triggered multiple fatal landslides, Manutuke: a near miss landslide from Cyclone Gabrielle in New Zealand, The Canterbury Earthquake: Images of the distorted railway line, Killing off the Canary Islands landslide megatsunami scare, Liquefaction from the Sendai earthquake - a remarkable video, Rattlesnake Ridge: a large failure forming in Washington State, USA, Bento Rodrigues: a disastrous tailings dam failure in Brazil, The 8 February 2023 rockfall in Steyr, Austria, Rosas in Cauca, Colombia: a truly extraordinary landslide, Landslides in North Island of New Zealand from Cyclone Gabrielle. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. United States, 12201 Sunrise Valley Drive Reston, VA 20192, Region 2: South Atlantic-Gulf (Includes Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands), Region 12: Pacific Islands (American Samoa, Hawaii, Guam, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands), Estimating the costs of landslide damage in the United States. The event, known as the Diexi Slides, claimed more than 3,000 lives, and destroyed many villages within the affected region. For example, water supplies, fisheries, sewage disposal systems, forests, dams, and roadways can be affected for years after a slide event. Expansive soils contain a significant amount of clay which can expand when wet and shrink when dry. The rainstorm brought about landslides and floods destroying nearby towns and villages while also making it challenging for the authorities and rescue teams. Date: 1949: Source: USGS Earthquake information bulletin 20 : Author: R.L. consistent with a volume of 10 MCM of loess material becoming entrained. A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. Landslides are the most costly geo-hazard in the world, and theyre often the cause or the result of other hazards and disasters such as tsunamis, earthquakes, wildfires, and volcanic eruptions. The paper re-evaluates the Khait landslide, and the other large slide that was triggered in the earthquake, providing a rational analysis of the likely impacts of the mass movements. Management and Analitical Center at Committee of ES&CD Tajikistan, Azimov Alimardon Shoirmardonovich, Director of FAZO Institute of the State Committee for Land Management and Geodesy of Tajikistan and Shahbozov Shahboz Amzalievich, chief engineer of FAZO Institute, Research Center of the State Committee for Land Management and Geodesy of Tajikistan, Farshed Karimov Deputy Director of the Institute of Geology, Seismology and Earthquake Engineering of the Academy of Sciences of Tajikistan, the staff workers of WHO, UN IOM, Imomberdi Berdor, Program Officer of Focus Humanitarian Assistance in Tajikistan, Jumaeva Svetlana, Executive Director of the Center for climate change and disaster reduction, Doctor Mohammad Daim Kakhar, General Director of the Afghan National Office of Disaster Management, Aidan OLeary, Head of UN OCHA Afghanistan, Doctor Emlyn Hagen of NATO 3C Agency, Stefano Disperati, Chief Information Officer of iMMAP in Afghanistan, Nur Mohammad Kashani, Chief Program Officer of FOCUS Humanitarian Assistance in Afghanistan. Our special thanks go to: Bakhtdavlatov Rahmonbek Davlatbekovich the first deputy chief of General Directorate for Geology under the Government of Tajikistan, Alisho Shomahmadov, Head of Inf. 12 Biggest Landslides In History Haiyuan Earthquake/Landslides. When was Rostislav Khait born? 5, pp. The avalanche, locally referred to as Huayco, involved a massive ice sheet that was estimated to be about 1 kilometer wide and 40 feet high. The damage from the Bingham Canyon rockslide is estimated at nearly $1 billion . Landslides occur in a variety of environments, characterized by either steep or . All rights reserved. 'Khait' is a transliteration from Russian: ; local modern spelling: Hoit (Tajik: ). This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. In a landslide, masses of rock, earth or debris move down a slope. 'Khait' is a transliteration from Russian: ; local modern spelling: Hoit (Tajik: ). [1], Most of the landslides triggered by the earthquake were loess flowslides, involving failure and flow of unconsolidated loess material. Khait Landslide, Tajikstan, July 1949 (4,000 deaths)) 8. The landslide was triggered by the 1949 Khait earthquake and buried 33 villages and has by some estimates killed 28,000 people. [2], The volume of the initial rockfall has been estimated as 54 million cubic metres (MCM), expanding to about 65 MCM as it broke up. English version, Dating, triggering, modelling, and hazard assessment of large landslides, Large landslides: Dating, triggering, modelling, and hazard assessment, Fragmentation in the Val Pola rock avalanche, Italian Alps, Ice, moraine, and landslide dams in mountainous terrain, Geological causes and geomorphological precursors of the Tsaoling landslide triggered by the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake, Taiwan, Simulation of Tsaoling landslide, Taiwan, based on Saint Venant equations over general topography, The 17 February 2006 rock slide-debris avalanche at Guinsaugon Philippines: a synthesis. One such natural catastrophe occurred in July of 1949, when the 7.4 magnitude Khait Earthquake triggered hundreds of landslides near the southern limits of the Tien Shan ranges in central Tajikistan. [3], The main shock was preceded by two foreshocks (M5.1 and M5.6) on 8 July, just 12 minutes apart. What has been the 10 worst landslide disasters in history? The Khait or Hoit landslide occurred on July 10, 1949 in the Hoit district in the Gharm Oblast in the Tajikistan, then part of the Soviet Union. The town of Khait (modern spelling Hoit (Tajik: )) and the village of Khisorak were almost completely destroyed by the Khait landslide. What was the biggest mudslide? On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Where certain geologic Main scarp : A steep surface on the conditions exist . Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. All maps, graphics, flags, photos and original descriptions 2023 worldatlas.com, Haiyuan Landslides, China, 1920 - 200,000 deaths, Vargas Tragedy, Venezuela, 1999 - 30,000 deaths, Khait Landslides, Tajikistan, 1949 - 28,000 deaths, Armero Tragedy, Colombia, 1985 - 20,000 to 23,000 deaths, Yungay Landslide, Peru, 1970 - 22,000 deaths, Diexi Landslides, China, 1933 - 9,300 deaths, North India Landslides, India, 2013 - 5,700 to 6,054 deaths, Huaraz Debris Flow, Peru, 1941 - 5,000 deaths, Nevado Huascaran Debris Fall, Ranrahirca, Peru, January 1962 - 4,500 deaths, Vajont Dam Landslide, Italy, 1963 - 2,500 deaths, Kelud Lahars Landslide, Indonesia, 1919 - 200 deaths. Landslides cause property damage, injury, and death and adversely affect a variety of resources. The Khait or Hoit landslide occurred on July 10, 1949 in the Hoit district in the Gharm Oblast in the Tajikistan, then part of the Soviet Union. As many as 109 people died in the Philippines when Typhoon Olga provoked torrential rains and flooding throughout much of South East Asia in early August. The velocity of the slide has been estimated from the energy required to surmount the terrace on the western river bank, giving a minimum of 22 m/s. 'Khait' is a transliteration from Russian: ; the local modern spelling is Hoit (Tajik: ). The Khait landslide was simulated using DAN. Land use changes. However, some rather speculative reports have suggested that the impacts were very large for example this article in Mountain Research and Development reported a huge landslide at a site that it termed Borgulchak Rock. Diexi Slides, Sichuan, China, August 1933 (3,000+ deaths), 9. The relevance of recent heavy rain and an almost synchronous seismic event are considered but it is concluded that the movement was the result of progressive failures and tectonic weakening while the landslide hazard was increased by the presence of rice paddy fields in the valley bottom. The death toll from a mudslide that hit the north-western US state of Washington has risen to 29 people, with 20 others still missing. The landslide was triggered by the 1949 Khait earthquake and buried 33 villages and has by some estimates killed 28,000 people. Only about a thousand bodies could be recovered although it is indicated that at least 30,000 people lost their lives in this landslide tragedy. The damages can be significantly reduced, however, through the combined action of technical experts, government, and the public. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. What do they mean. The Khait landslide began as a rockslide but progressively entrained loess material. A major landslide in 2011 cost between $13 and $15 million in repairs from damage to Utah State Highway 14 (estimated by the Utah Department of Transportation). The current lack of relevant tools to assess a complex and ever-changing environment in these cross-border areas does not allow an effective assessment of risks and planning for natural disaster mitigation. More recently, the U.S. Geological Survey estimated annual losses to be between $2 billion and $4 billion per year. Cookie is set by GDPR cookie Consent plugin 1933 ( 3,000+ deaths ) 7 et al, failure! Of Lake Palcacocha helping to prevent against melting of the page across the... Lake Palcacocha helping to prevent against melting of the lakes glaciers about 9,000 to 9,300 people was,. Expression of grief was later erected at the site October 9 ( Tajik: ) Khait. What are the different types of landslide hazard maps killed 28,000 people further 2,400 deaths the affected region,... 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