Abeba [103][104] It has been suggested in some academic circles that the wealth produced at Kimberley was a significant factor influencing the Scramble for Africa, in which European powers had by 1902 competed with each other in drawing arbitrary boundaries across almost the entire continent and dividing it among themselves. The establishment of the staging post by the Dutch East India Company at the Cape in 1652 soon brought the Khoikhoi into conflict with Dutch settlers over land ownership. [89] The country was subsequently named Basutoland and is presently named Lesotho. When the British refused, Kruger declared war. Meaning: 'Flower' or 'blossom.' 4. Here is a list of popular South African last names. 'The significance of the Cape trade route to economic activity in the Cape Colony: a medium-term business cycle analysis', European Review of Economic History, 14 (2010), pp. [159], On 16 December 1966, United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2202 A (XXI) identified apartheid as a "crime against humanity". Most of the bodies were dumped in unmarked graves. In 1895, a column of mercenaries in the employ of Cecil John Rhodes' Rhodesian-based Charter Company and led by Captain Leander Starr Jameson had entered the ZAR with the intention of sparking an uprising on the Witwatersrand and installing a British administration there. [126], General Louis Botha headed the first government of the new Union, with General Jan Smuts as his deputy. [249][250] By mid-July, the South African National Defense Forces had deployed approximately 25,000 military personnel. Variant spellings include Prinzloo and Prinslo. [11][12][13], The San and Khoikhoi are essentially distinguished only by their respective occupations. Historically, surnames evolved as a way to sort people into groups - by occupation, place of origin, clan affiliation, patronage, parentage, adoption, and even physical characteristics (like red hair). [75] The Boer republics of Transvaal and the Orange Free State also vied for ownership of the land, but Britain, being the preeminent force in the region, won control over the disputed territory. In 1854, it was granted its first locally elected legislature, the Cape Parliament. [181][182][183], Between 1975 and 1988, the SADF continued to stage massive conventional raids into Angola and Zambia to eliminate PLAN's forward operating bases across the border from Namibia as well as provide support for UNITA. Many of the 1820 Settlers eventually settled in Grahamstown and Port Elizabeth. Rubinstein, W. D. (2004). Its underground cells conducted armed robberies to raise funds and obtain weapons and vehicles. The SSDI is a searchable database of more than 70 million names. In late October, Boer commandos supported by local Kgatla tribal collaborators laid siege to the caves. The small initial group of free burghers, as these farmers were known, steadily increased in number and began to expand their farms further north and east into the territory of the Khoikhoi. Mani is the reduced form of the South Indian surname Subramanian. 21,000 of them were deployed to France as stevedores at French ports, where they were housed in segregated compounds. [158], In the aftermath of the 1976 Soweto uprising and the security clampdown that accompanied it, Joint Management Centres (JMCs) operating in at least 34 State-designated "high-risk" areas became the key element in a National Security Management System. [108], Within two years of gold being discovered on the Witwatersrand, four mining finance houses had been established. ): Fourie, J.; Boshoff, W. (2008). He withdrew from the area and led his people northwards to what would later become the Matabele region of Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe). The ANC-led government, in a historic reversal of policy, adopted neoliberalism instead. [114] The decision was made to start importing Chinese indentured labourers who were prepared to work for far less wages than local African labourers. 28. [40], Various theories have been advanced for the causes of the difaqane, ranging from ecological factors to competition in the ivory trade. Elphick, Richard; Giliomee, Hermann (eds. It developed into the largest kingdom in the sub-continent before it was abandoned because of climatic changes in the 14th century. [208], A total of 130 political prisoners were hanged on the gallows of Pretoria Central Prison between 1960 and 1990. The 1820s saw a time of immense upheaval relating to the military expansion of the Zulu Kingdom, which replaced the original African clan system with kingdoms. Sekhukhune, members of his family and some Bapedi generals were subsequently imprisoned in Pretoria for two years, with Sekhukhuneland becoming part of the Transvaal Republic. Lynx Southern African, English. [174] These states, forming a regional alliance of southern African states, were named collectively as the Frontline States: Angola, Botswana, Lesotho, Mozambique, Swaziland, Tanzania, Zambia and, from 1980, Zimbabwe. Economically, South Africa supplied two-thirds of gold production in the British Empire, with most of the remainder coming from Australia. The Ibibio name Akpan means firstborn son. Sizwe m Southern African, Xhosa. Two German African colonies were occupied, either by South Africa alone or with significant South African assistance. The rebel leaders were prosecuted, fined heavily and sentenced to imprisonment ranging from six to seven years. Family Education is part of the Sandbox Learning family of educational reference sites for parents, teachers, and students. Most Popular African Last Names on FamilyEducation: Ba, Ballo, Dial, First Trimester To-Do List: Take Care of Yourself. The South African Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging or AWB (meaning Afrikaner Resistance Movement), a militant neo-Nazi, mainly Afrikaner white supremacist movement that arose in the 1970s, and was active until the mid-1990s, openly used a flag that closely resembled the swastika. The racially mixed genealogical origins of many so-called "white" South Africans have been traced to interracial unions at the Cape between the European occupying population and imported Asian and African slaves, the indigenous Khoi and San, and their vari-hued offspring. The monarchy came to an end on 31 May 1961, replaced by a republic as the consequence of a 1960 referendum, which legitimised the country becoming the Republic of South Africa. [34] The Cape Articles of Capitulation of 1806 allowed the colony to retain "all their rights and privileges which they have enjoyed hitherto",[35] and this launched South Africa on a divergent course from the rest of the British Empire, allowing the continuance of Roman-Dutch law. By 1952, the brief flame of mass-based white radicalism was extinguished, when the Torch Commando disbanded due to government legislation under the Suppression of Communism Act, 1950. [120] It ended when the invading column was ambushed and captured by Boer commandos. [20] By the time of their defeat and expulsion from the Cape Peninsula and surrounding districts, the Khoikhoi population was decimated by a smallpox epidemic introduced by Dutch sailors against which the Khoikhoi had no natural resistance or indigenous medicines.[21]. It has been described as one of the most important paleontological discoveries in modern times. Van der Merwe is a common Afrikaans surname, derived from the Dutch van der Merwen ("from the Merwede"). Smith's expansion of the Cape Colony resulted in conflict with disaffected Boers in the Orange River Sovereignty who in 1848 mounted an abortive rebellion at Boomplaats, where the Boers were defeated by a detachment of the Cape Mounted Rifles. Find your family's origin in the United States, average life expectancy, most common occupation, and more. It was inhabited by Australopithecines since at least 2.5 million years ago. The farmers complained they could not replace the labour of their slaves without losing an excessive amount of money. The Griqua community became subsequently dissimulated. It comes from the word Latin "praetor" and it's very common in South Africa. Abebe (Amharic origin) meaning "flower". [98], By the 1870s and 1880s the mines at Kimberley were producing 95% of the world's diamonds. A key act of legislation during this time was the Homeland Citizens Act of 1970. 'Explaining the Ship Traffic Fluctuations in the Early Cape Settlement: 16521793', South African Journal of Economic History, 23 (2008), pp. This list of 100 African girl names includes their meanings, variations, and countries of origin. [175][176], In early-November 1975, immediately after Portugal granted independence to its former African colony of Angola, civil war broke out between the rival UNITA and MPLA movements. Madia South African. [2] The first nations of South Africa are collectively referred to as the Khoisan, the Khoi Khoi and the San separately. This act augmented the Native Land Act of 1913 through the establishment of so-called "homelands" or "reserves". In the event of a vacancy the Deputy President serves as Acting President. At the start of the war, Bank of England officials in London worked with South Africa to block gold shipments to Germany, and force mine owners to sell only to the British Treasury, at prices set by the Treasury. Special African Surnames, their Origin and What they Mean 1. Truth Commission Special Report: APLA attacks. [36] This had the effect of forcing more of the Dutch colonists to move (or trek) away from British administrative reach. In order to prevent UNITA's collapse and cement the rule of a friendly government, South Africa intervened on 23 October, sending between 1,500 and 2,000 troops from Namibia into southern Angola in order to fight the MPLA. [42] Most historians recognise that the Mfecane wasn't just a series of events caused by the founding of the Zulu kingdom but rather a multitude of factors caused before and after Shaka Zulu came into power. This did not prevent the outbreak of a Second AngloBoer war. [180] The civil war in Angola resulted in 550,0001,250,000 deaths in total mostly from famine. This pages allows you to search first names - their meaning, popularity and distribution. This has been interpreted as the earliest example ever discovered of abstract art or symbolic art created by Homo sapiens. Blignaut, Charl. The Government of National Unity lapsed at the end of the first parliament sitting in 1999, with the ANC becoming the sole party in power while maintaining a strategic alliance with the Congress of South African Trade Unions (COSATU) and the South African Communist Party. Boer Voortrekkers in 1838 established the Republic of Natalia in the surrounding region, with its capital at Pietermaritzburg. 213, 219, 223, 224 Quote: Truth and Reconciliation Commission (1998), Findings on the role of allies of the state, pages 227238, Peter Harris, "The role of rightwing vigilantes in South Africa", in. [51] The farmers had invested large amounts of capital in slaves. [139][140], About 334,000 South Africans volunteered for full-time military service in support of the Allies abroad. [better source needed]The progenitors of the extended clan were Maria Kickers, her first partner Ferdinands Appel, and her later husband Frederich Botha. [234] These also involved corruption related financial difficulties at some state owned enterprises such as Eskom and South African Airways that had a notable negative economic impact on the country's finances. [199] From the 1960s onwards until 1989, MK carried out numerous acts of sabotage and attacks on military and police personnel. It authorised the forced evictions of thousands of African people from urban centres in South Africa and South West Africa (now Namibia) to what became described colloquially as "Bantustans" or the "original homes", as they were officially referred to, of the black tribes of South Africa. Labour unrest in the industry resulted in a massacre in mid-August 2012, when anti-riot police shot dead 34 striking miners and wounded many more in what is known as the Marikana massacre. Hetherington, Penelope. Much later, in 1820 the British authorities persuaded about 5,000 middle-class British immigrants (most of them "in trade") to leave Great Britain. George McCall Theal, "Discovery of diamonds and its consequences", in. The role of the Boer settlers was replaced by subsidised British immigrants of whom 5,000 arrived between 1849 and 1851. By that time, more than 2,000,000 children were orphaned due to the epidemic. FamilyEducation does not provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. The Jewish population of South Africa in 1880 numbered approximately 4,000; by 1914 it had grown to more than 40,000, mostly migrants from Lithuania. 25,000 Black South Africans were recruited at the request of the British War Cabinet to serve as non-combatant labourers in the South African Native Labour Contingent (SANLC). [59] Annexation also precipitated a war between British colonial forces and the indigenous Xhosa nation in 1850, in the eastern coastal region.[60]. By 1902, 26,000 Boer women and children had died of disease and neglect in the camps. [86] In the battles that followed, the Orange Free State tried unsuccessfully to capture Moshoeshoe's mountain stronghold at Thaba Bosiu, while the Sotho conducted raids in Free State territories. [171] Two dozen conspirators including senior South African Army officers were arrested on charges of treason and murder, after a bomb explosion in Soweto. [83] The British then set about establishing large sugar plantations in the area today named KwaZulu-Natal Province. [9], Many more species of early hominid have come to light in recent decades. The Zulu resulted in the mass movement of many tribes who in turn tried to dominate those in new territories, leading to widespread warfare and waves of displacement spread throughout southern Africa and beyond. On the night of 23/24 May 1842 British colonial forces attacked the Voortrekker camp at Congella. 1972. According to Solomon Johannes Terreblanche, a South African academic economist, the government's concessions to big business represented "treacherous decisions that [will] haunt South Africa for generations to come". Guelke, Leonard (1976). Da Gama gave the name Natal to the coast he was passing, which in Portuguese means Christmas. [216] A wealth tax on the super-rich to fund developmental projects was set aside, while domestic and international corporations, enriched by apartheid, were excused from any financial reparations. Under the leadership of a former slave named Adam Kok, these "coloureds" or Basters (meaning mixed race or multiracial) as they were named by the Dutcha word derived from baster, meaning "bastard"[68]started trekking northward into the interior, through what is today named Northern Cape Province. [24], The British explorers David Livingstone and William Oswell, setting out from a mission station in the northern Cape Colony, are believed to have been the first white men to cross the Kalahari desert in 1849. The Cape and the VOC had to import Dutch farmers to establish farms to supply the passing ships as well as to supply the growing VOC settlement. "Untold History with a Historiography: A Review of Scholarship on Afrikaner Women in South African History.". "[185] The Angolan government described the target of the attack as a refugee camp. Following the defeat of the Boers in the AngloBoer or South African War (18991902), the Union of South Africa was created as a self-governing dominion of the British Empire on 31 May 1910 in terms of the South Africa Act 1909, which amalgamated the four previously separate British colonies: Cape Colony, Colony of Natal, Transvaal Colony, and Orange River Colony. Most Common South African Surnames & Meanings Most Common Last Names In South Africa Forebears knows about 821,426 unique surnames in South Africa and there are 66 people per name. Abbas - Origin: An Arabic name found throughout Algeria. It has, however, been verified that 17,182 black people died mainly of diseases in the Cape concentration camps alone, but this figure is not accepted historically as a true reflection of the overall numbers. Axmed (Somali origin) the variant for Ahmed. The civil rights struggle of Gandhi's Natal Indian Congress failed; until the 1994 advent of democracy, Indians in South Africa were subject to most of the discriminatory laws that applied to all non-white inhabitants of the country.[66]. [230][231][232] Notable corruption related scandals during this period included incidents of widespread state capture[233] often involving allegations against the Gupta family. [147] When the war ended, the OB was one of the anti-parliamentary groups absorbed into the National Party.[148][149]. Luter South African. An attack on a Christian church in Cape Town in 1993, left eleven people dead and 58 injured. [150][151] In the early to mid-1990s, the AWB attempted unsuccessfully through various acts of public violence and intimidation to derail the country's transition to democracy. -- Cape Town : H. Timmins, 1965. [52], The South African Republic (Dutch: Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek or ZAR, not to be confused with the much later Republic of South Africa), is often referred to as The Transvaal and sometimes as the Republic of Transvaal. By June 1900, Pretoria, the last of the major Boer towns, had surrendered. -- 262 p. CS3080.S6 R6 Bibliography: p. 261-262. Hint: Try searching for a relative alive in 1940. Likewise the Indian element (led by Mahatma Gandhi) generally supported the war effort. Moshoeshoe was under the impression he was loaning grazing land to the settlers in accordance with African precepts of occupation rather than ownership, while the settlers believed they had been granted permanent land rights. Chidubem - This name is Igbo for "God is my guide." Igwe - Many Igbo people in South Africa have this last name. As one of their first tasks they outlawed the use of the Dutch language in 1806 with the view of converting the European settlers to the British language and culture. 29. [101] The wealth derived from Kimberley diamond mining, having effectively tripled the customs revenue of the Cape Colony from 1871 to 1875, also doubled its population, and allowed it to expand its boundaries and railways to the north. The attack failed, with British forces then retreating back to Durban, which the Boers besieged. [127], Dissatisfaction with British influence in the Union's affairs reached a climax in September 1914, when impoverished Boers, anti-British Boers and bitter-enders launched a rebellion. The precious metal that underpinned international trade would dominate South African exports for decades to come. Social Security Death Index (SSDI) for South African, Browse profiles of historical people with the South African last name, This page needs Javascript enabled in order to work properly. [168], The Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) would later establish that a covert, informal network of former or still serving army and police operatives, frequently acting in conjunction with extreme right-wing elements, was involved in actions that could be construed as fomenting violence and which resulted in gross human rights violations, including random and targeted killings. Specifics of the contact between Bantu-speakers and the indigenous Khoisan ethnic group remain largely unresearched, although linguistic proof of assimilation exists, as several southern Bantu languages (notably Xhosa and Zulu) are theorised in that they incorporate many click consonants from the Khoisan languages, as possibilities of such developing independently are valid as well. 3,481 st most common surname in the world and it is an alternative spelling of Naidu. [24] Others, now known as the SothoTswana peoples (Tswana, Pedi, and Sotho), settled in the interior on the plateau known as the Highveld,[24] while today's Venda, Lemba, and Tsonga peoples made their homes in the north-eastern areas of present-day South Africa. Owners who had purchased slaves on credit or put them up as surety against loans faced financial ruin. The British then seized the Cape in 1795 to prevent it from falling into French hands. Remains of hanged prisoners to be exhumed. In the late 15th and early 16th centuries, Portuguese mariners, who were the first Europeans at the Cape, encountered pastoral Khoikhoi with livestock. 3. Tau m Southern African, Tswana, Sotho. [251] As of 18 July, over 3,400 people had been arrested, while as of 22 July, 337 people had died in connection with the unrest.[252]. The Battle of Delville Wood and the sinking of the SS Mendi being the greatest single incidents of loss of life. [246][247]The Economist called it the worst violence that South Africa had experienced since the end of Apartheid. Anthony Egan, Review of "The Hidden Thread: Russia and South Africa in the Soviet Era" by Irina Filatova & Apollon Davidson, Phyllis Johnson & David Martin, Apartheid Terrorism: The destabilisation report, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1989, p.122, UN General Assembly, res n 2154 (XXI), 17 November 1966. White people, who constituted 20 percent of the population, held 90 percent of the land. Meaning: 'Lion.' 3. Frere, on his own initiative, without the approval of the British government and with the intent of instigating a war with the Zulu, had presented an ultimatum on 11 December 1878, to the Zulu king Cetshwayo with which the Zulu king could not comply. The . 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