After taking evasive routes to the west of the Admiralty Islands to avoid air attack,[42] the convoy turned back towards their objective late in the afternoon. [33], Initial operations commenced in the second week of March 1944 with air raids by aircraft of the U.S. 5th Air Force and the Royal Australian Air Force attacked Japanese airfields along the New Guinea coast from Wewak to the Vogelkop and on Biak Island. portalId: 20973928, per cubic foot, this works out to 1,350 cubic feet of records. Capturing it would both neutralize the Allies' principal forward base and serve as a springboard for a possible invasion of Australia. Japan's threatened military encroachment closer to Australia hinted at some type of potential invasion of the northernmost frontiers. Gen. Millard F. Harmon, who was also subordinate to Nimitz. 99-108 (Japanese Place Names-Philippines). During the initial phase in early 1942, the Empire of Japan invaded the Australian -administered Mandated Territory of New Guinea (23 January) and the Australian Territory of Papua (21 July) and overran western New Guinea (beginning 29/30 March), which was a part of the Netherlands East Indies. On 5 March, Imperial General Headquarters by Navy . The brief spurt of books in 1943 and 1944, when Japanese were able to visit the occupied Dutch East Indies, dealt mainly with Dutch New Guinea, and then only in a very rudimentary way. In May 1943, external requests for information available from ATIS sources led to the development of Information Request Reports published only in answer to specific requests for information. [21], Although RAAF PBY Catalinas and Lockheed Hudsons were based at Port Moresby, because of the Japanese air attacks, long-range bombers like B-17s, B-25s, and B-26s could not be safely based there and were instead staged through from bases in Australia. [6] The Joint Chiefs of Staff also directed the United States Pacific Fleet to assign aircraft carriers to provide air support for the landings. An airfield had been built there during an area gold rush in the 1920s and 1930s. The battle took place between 22 April and 6 June 1944 and formed part of the New Guinea campaign. 8, Kanji Abbreviations, Variants, and Equivalents; No. the strategic base on New Britain (now part of Papua New Guinea), on January 23, 1942. West Papua: Forgotten War, Unwanted People. In May 1945 ADVATIS followed the advance of General Headquarters into Manila. They subsequently neutralized the Japanese positions, as well as interdicted a portion of the Japanese movements, and anticipated Japanese defensive position and strengths. In addition, ATIS officers collaborated in the accumulation of evidence from prisoners and testified before the Board. In New Guinea, U.S. and Australian infantry were moving along the northern coast, pushing the Japanese before them. In early January 1943, Japanese documents taken from the body of a sniper killed near Soputa, New Guinea, revealed the entire standing operating procedure of the Japanese in that area. The Americans landed at Hollandia and Aitape simultaneously on 22 April with the aim of bypassing the Japanese stronghold at Wewak and thus leaving the Japanese 18th Army isolated and cut off there. They arrived off Hollandia during the night of 21/22 April and about 20 miles (32km) offshore, the convoy split again with the Central Attack Group preceding for Humboldt Bay while the Western Attack Group turned towards Tanahmerah Bay. In November 1943, during Operation Galvanic, marines of the 2nd Marine Division captured important documents at Tarawa Atoll (Betio). It was a grisly task, but a military necessity since Japanese soldiers do not surrender and within swimming distance of shore, they could not be allowed to land and join the Lae garrison. [8] At the start of 1943, ICPOA was basically dealing with intercepted messages because not that many prisoners of war or documents had been captured. The landing was unopposed as the enemy garrison indicated its intention of surrendering by hoisting a white flag at the first sight of the invasion force. "Within a few days, the enemy was retreating from the Wau Valley, where he had suffered a serious defeat, harassed all the way back to Mubo"[37] About one week later, the Japanese completed their evacuation of Guadalcanal. This plan was eventually reversed in favor of a counterattack on U.S. forces around Aitape. While MacArthur sought eight days worth of support from the fleet's powerful fleet carriers, Nimitz would only agree to commit this force for two days after the landings. Opposition on the ground at Hollandia was negligible and within four days the two divisions had secured inland Japanese airfields. [58], Japanese casualties amounted to 3,300 killed and 600 wounded in combat;[59] a further 1,146 were killed or died in the area up to 27 September 1944. Later, the procedure was altered again to cope with the tons of documents captured at main Japanese bases. 39 with Navy Operations, Plans and Orders (1941-1944). Copies of the documents were made in Brisbane and the original documents were returned to the aircraft crash site by another submarine. Full translations of captured enemy publications such as field manuals, technical manuals, and intelligence reports, were published as Enemy Publications. On 10 January 1942, during the Dutch East Indies Campaign, Japanese forces invaded the Dutch East Indies as part of the Pacific War. [4][32] The shortage of shipping meant that each ship had to be loaded as efficiently as possible, using a technique known as combat loading to ensure that the most important stores and equipment could be unloaded quickly. Base G played an important role as a staging area for subsequent operations in New Guinea and the Philippines. It was not just ATIS that was engaged in captured Japanese records operations. According to Morison, the Japanese "never again risked a transport larger than a small coaster or barge in waters shadowed by American planes. By 1944 the school had outgrown these facilities and moved to nearby Fort Snelling. The naval command in the Southwest Pacific remained unchanged. In early April 1943, a Japanese map was captured showing hidden positions of 87 barges at Labu, New Guinea. When the Allied forces began to advance, more documents were captured and a much higher proportion was official. 2, Alphabetical List of 40,000 Japanese Army Officer (May 1943); No. The Aussies were fighting mad, for they had found some of their captured fellows tied to trees and bayoneted to death, surmounted by the placard, 'It took them a long time to die'. It was a new kind of combined operations warfare in which the Allies consistently outclassed their Japanese opponents. Their noses had been refitted with eight 50-caliber machine guns for strafing slow-moving ships on the high seas. Late the next month at Biak, an island in Geelvink Bay, New Guinea, CIC agents seized the records of the finance office, post office, bank, and Japanese headquarters. 117, Infringement of the Laws of War and Ethics by the Japanese Medical Corps, contains information on violations of the Geneva Convention on the rules of warfare and points out how, time and again, medical personnel put to death their own patients. Hollandia was a port on the north coast of New Guinea, part of the Dutch East Indies, and was the only anchorage between Wewak to the east, and Geelvink Bay to the west. Once Manila and its environs had been captured, CIC search and seizure teams located and took custody of large quantities of Japanese documents. The Japanese at Rabaul and other bases on New Britain would have easily overwhelmed any such effort (by mid-September, MacArthur's entire naval force under Vice Admiral Arthur S. Carpender consisted of 5 cruisers, 8 destroyers, 20 submarines, and 7 small craft). Second, the Allies had become convinced that the Japanese were preparing a major seaborne reinforcement and so had stepped up their air searches. The submarine picked up the documents on May 11th and sailed to Darwin. Even before the war ended, ATIS was exploiting captured records for war crimes purposes. Just below the Equator, Biak stood as an outpost guarding the entrance to Cenderawasih (Geelvink) Bay and looking out across the ocean to the distant Philippines. 102103, The Japanese drive to conquer all of New Guinea had been decisively stopped. Meanwhile, on 30 March and continuing to 3 April these air forces attacked Hollandia itself and the airfields on the Sentani plain. When Japanese Americans on the West Coast were moved into internment camps in the late spring of 1942, the school moved to temporary quarters at Camp Savage, Minnesota. First, with completion of the reduction of Rabaul, the South Pacific Area was closed as an active theatre, and Halsey left to take command of the U.S. 3rd Fleet. Todays post is by Dr. Greg Bradsher, Senior Archivist at the National Archives at College Park, Maryland. It began with the easy Japanese conquest of most of the north coast of the massive island. US troops debark from LST-66 at Tanahmerah Bay Hollandia. More than 6,000 graduates served throughout the Pacific Theater during the war and the subsequent occupation of Japan. This information was immediately translated, relayed to naval and air units, and, coordinated with the translation of a captured map showing enemy positions, resulted in the repulse of the enemy attack by naval and aerial bombardment. [51] Eight waves landed at White 1 after two LCIs fired rockets at the high ground overlooking the beach where several Japanese antiaircraft guns were located. While captured records were quickly evaluated in the field, almost all were eventually sent back to Hawaii, and some of those on to the Washington Document Center in Washington, D.C.[12] Although JICPOA was a major player in the captured documents intelligence business, it was ATIS, however, during the war years that handled the most documents. [56] Historian Edward J. Drea attributed the success of the operation largely to MacArthur's bold decision to exploit intelligence gained through code breaking, and judged it was "MacArthur's finest hour in World War II and ULTRA's single greatest contribution to the general's Pacific strategy". The landings at Hollandia and Aitape were followed just four weeks later by landings at Wakde, Sarmi and Toem, to the west. This diary along with other documents relating to atrocities was used in the trials of Japanese war criminals. Also captured on January 19th was a radio chart that was used by I Corps Signal officers to gain highly satisfactory results in the monitoring of Japanese radio communications. Actual Allied losses amounted to one destroyer, one oiler, one corvette, two cargo ships and approximately 25 aircraft. Interestingly, one of the Japanese operational orders provided the instructions Utmost precautions will be taken to conceal the plan., In mid-March agents of the 40th CIC Detachment captured on Panay Island and Negros Island incriminating documents of Panays puppet governor. U.S. Military forces began capturing records almost as soon as the war began and started exploiting them immediately. As in most Pacific War campaigns, disease and starvation claimed more Japanese lives than enemy action. [25] But fighters did provide cover for the transports, and for bombers when their targets were within range. Current Translations were publications containing complete translations of documents classified A, B, C, or D in ATIS Bulletins. [38], In response to a request from the head of the US Navy, Admiral Ernest King, the Eastern Fleet conducted a raid on Japanese positions on the island of Sabang in the Indian Ocean ahead of the landings at Hollandia and Aitape. [47], I-Go demonstrated that the Japanese command was not learning the lessons of air power that the Allies were. 1944 battle between American and Japanese forces during World War II, "Securing New Guinea: The U.S. Navy in Operations Reckless and Persecution: 2122 April 1944", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Hollandia&oldid=1132691020, South West Pacific theatre of World War II, Battles and operations of World War II involving Australia, Battles and operations of World War II involving Japan, Battles and operations of World War II involving the United States, Amphibious operations involving the United States, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 10 January 2023, at 02:36. By December 27, 1942, 1,100 Japanese documents had been received at the Advanced Land Headquarters, Brisbane, from the New Guinea area. Seven LSTs were also assigned. The Dutch surrendered on 8 March. The campaign resulted in a crushing defeat and heavy losses for the Empire of Japan. The Japanese also seized the key oil production zones of Borneo, Central Java, Malang, Cepu, Sumatra, and Dutch New Guinea of the late Dutch East Indies, defeating the Dutch forces. 14) was published and entitled Japanese Violations of the Laws of War. The report contained 28 pages of translations, each translation accompanied by a photostatic copy of the original document and authenticated under oath by the translator. Although the quantity of documents captured in South East Asia and China were not as voluminous as those found elsewhere, nevertheless there were major collections captured. They were numerical inventories under 17 principal categories of documents considered to be of probable or general value. [30][31] The decision to undertake these operations simultaneously stretched Allied shipping and logistics resources, and necessitated reallocating resources from other theaters and roles. Captured and sunken Japanese ships and boats also provided large quantities of documents, many of immediate value. Before the operation against the Japanese at Hollandia, Dutch New Guinea, 41 st CIC Detachment Special Agent in Charge Duval Edwards at Finschhaven during March and April 1944 gave many lectures on the great importance of soldiers turning in any captured documents. Singapore, the Dutch East Indies and New Guinea had already fallen, and all of Australia's security hopes premised upon Britain's Fortress Singapore ideology had collapsed. Japanese forces began to land on the island of Luzon in the Philippines on December 10. . 11, Factors in Japanese Military Psychology was ever completed, although the material intended for this publication could have been used instead for Research Report No. 76) and Japanese efforts to fight Plague and Cholera (No. If the transports succeeded in staying behind a weather front and were protected the whole way by fighters from the various airfields surrounding the Bismarck Sea, they might make it to Lae with an acceptable level of loss, i.e., at worst half the task force would be sunk en route. Adachi's decision may have been motivated by a belief that Hansa Bay would be the target of the next Allied amphibious landing and that he could reinforce Hollandia at a later date. During the early days of the war the Japanese forces were advancing. [10] After the chief of staff of the Second Area Army travelled to Wewak to deliver Adachi orders in person, he directed that the 66th Infantry Regiment begin moving from Wewak to Hollandia on 18 April; it was expected that this unit would arrive there in mid-June. Allied troops set up 105mm howitzer in Depapre New Guinea 1944. The US Navy had similar language programs. Document numbers and a brief description including authority, title, date, area of reference and similar essential data were set forth under seventeen headings, such as 1) Diaries, Field; 5) Letters, Postcards; and 16) Technical Documents. Thousands perished from starvation and disease; the commanding general, Horii, was drowned. Free shipping for many products! Office of Strategic Services (OSS) Counter Intelligence (X-2) personnel at Rangoon Burma seized, in the former Japanese Embassy, a mass of documentation on the Kempei Tai (Japanese Military Police), Japanese political intelligence organizations, spy schools, and other political and intelligence organizations. [53], Meanwhile, the infantry continued their advance inland. The operation consisted of two landings, one at Tanahmerah Bay and the other at Humboldt Bay, near Hollandia. [2] SEATIC was part of the South East Asia Command, established at New Delhi, India in November 1943 and moved to Kandy, Ceylon, on April 15, 1944. Report No. Limited Distribution Reports were special reports, highly classified, consisting of translations of documents possessing information of the highest intelligence value or of immediate importance, issued from time to time as directed. [9] Few combat units were stationed at Hollandia in early 1944. ATIS also published a how-to handbook on conservation treatment of captured records and produced a Document Restoration Kit for units in the field. These provided the first clues to breaking the Japanese Navys operational codes. This attack, which was designated Operation Cockpit, aimed to prevent the Japanese from transferring air units stationed near Singapore to New Guinea. Gen. Frank D. Merrill, captured 2 tons of documents at Myitkyina, Burma. [43] The facilities in the area were designated Base G. Several higher headquarters were moved to the area, including those of the Sixth Army, Eighth Army, Fifth Air Force, and Seventh Fleet. During July and August 1944 the Japanese 18th Army, based on Wewak, mounted an attack on Aitape, employing more than 20,000 troops in the forward area. [38], General Imamura and his naval counterpart at Rabaul, Admiral Jinichi Kusaka, commander Southeast Area Fleet, resolved to reinforce their ground forces at Lae for one final all-out attempt against Wau. The westernmost island of this group, Goodenough, had been occupied in August 1942 by 353 stranded troops from bombed Japanese landing craft. Although one line of attack was carried out primarily by ground forces and the other by naval forces, the main feature of both undertakings was the close coordination of land, sea, and air power. I want you to take Buna, or not come back alive. The first major collection of captured Japanese documents in the Pacific Theater was made in August 1942 when the 1st Marine Raider Battalion, under Col. Evans Carlson and Lt. Col. James Roosevelt, made a harassing raid on Makin Island in the Gilberts. [11] For the same reasons, General Douglas MacArthur, Supreme Commander Allied Forces South West Pacific Area was determined to hold it. [13] See Seventy Years Ago: Colonel Sidney F. Mashbir and the Allied Translator and Interpreter Section (ATIS), September-October 1942.. A Japanese carrier pigeon landed on a US transport on the way to Kwajalen Atoll in the Marianas. The Royal Australian Air Force and Dutch air units remained under Kenneys control as part of the Allied Air Forces, while the Royal New Zealand Air Force, together with certain U.S. Marine Corps and U.S. Navy land-based air units, continued to operate along the Solomon Islands axis. [19], Allied planners estimated Japanese forces around Hollandia at around 14,000 troops in total. [23] The Australian and American anti-aircraft gunners of the Composite Anti-Aircraft Defences played a crucial part. They included: No. In the Southwest Pacific Area, aside from the creation of the Far Eastern Air Force, there were few changes. When very few documents were captured and relatively little was known about the enemy forces in the SWPA, it was imperative to translate all documents in full. At wars end it moved to Tokyo. Aerial resupply brought some relief, and on 30 April a group of 12 LCTs, towed by several LSTs, arrived at Humboldt Bay. Ultimately, a major air and staging base was developed in the Hollandia area and most of the higher headquarters in the Southwest Pacific area established their command posts there during the summer of 1944. In addition, their bomb bays were filled with 500-pound bombs to be used in the newly devised practice of skip bombing. They totaled 104 in number. [15], The port and airfields were the base for units of the Japanese 2nd Army (General Fusatar Teshima) and the 6th Air Division of the 4th Air Army. The destroyer Yayoi, sent to recover these men, was itself bombed and sunk on 11 September. The beach was narrow, though, and only allowed two LCMs to land at a time, while the even bigger LSTs had to remain offshore where they were cross loaded on to LVTs. [9], The Japanese 8th Area Army (equivalent to an Anglo-American army), under General Hitoshi Imamura at Rabaul, was responsible for both the New Guinea and Solomon Islands campaigns. Due to USAAF doctrine and a lack of long-range escorts, long-range bomber raids on targets like Rabaul went in unescorted and suffered heavy losses, prompting severe criticism of Lieutenant General George Brett by war correspondents for misusing his forces. Except for some fairly heavy air raids, the Japanese reacted feebly to this penetration of their last defenses before the Philippines. [60] A total of 7,200 Japanese troops assembled at Genjem and then attempted to withdraw overland to Sarmi; only around 1,000 reached their destination. Reports were issued when sufficient information on any subject had been collated to warrant publication. This was done to fool the Japanese into believing that the documents had not been discovered by the Allies. None of the senior officers present had been in post more than a few weeks and the senior air officer had been relieved following the destruction of his air forces at the beginning of April. The Allied victories in 1943 set the stage for the strategic advances of 1944, but they did not determine the exact lines of attack. The Kokoda Trail [was] suitable for splay-toed Papuan aborigines but a torture to modern soldiers carrying heavy equipment", Samuel Eliot Morison, Breaking the Bismarcks Barrier, p. 34, Buna was easily taken as the Allies had no military presence there (MacArthur wisely chose not to attempt an occupation by paratroopers since any such force would have been easily wiped out by the Japanese). 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