raid 5 disk failure tolerance

Yesterday the system crashed (I don't know how exactly and I don't have any logs). + In particular it is/was sufficient to have a mirrored set of disks to detect a failure, but two disks were not sufficient to detect which had failed in a disk array without error correcting features. 2 1 The BIOS detected this and began rebuilding disk 1 - however it got stuck at %1. [25] In a Synchronous layout the data first block of the next stripe is written on the same drive as the parity block of the previous stripe. [30] Unlike the bit shift in the simplified example, which could only be applied statistically, an unrecoverable read error would occur once in every ", "Hitachi Deskstar 7K1000: Two Terabyte RAID Redux", "Does RAID0 Really Increase Disk Performance? x {\displaystyle g.} How to Catch a Hacker Server Admin Tools Benefits of Data Mining Static vs Dynamic IP Addresses, ADDRESS: 9360 W. Flamingo Rd. Anyway - I'm afraid the bad news is, unless you can get one of those drives online, it's time to get the backups out. By connecting hard drives together, you can create a storage volume larger than what you could obtain from a single hard drive alone, even today, when you can waltz into a Best Buy or log onto Amazon and get yourself an eight terabyte hard drive that could comfortably hold every episode of Doctor Who and Star Trek (every series, even Enterprise) combined and more. {\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} _{2}} Put very simply, RAID is the data storage equivalent of Voltron. D As you increase the number of hard drives, the chances of two drive failures being enough to crash your RAID array decrease from one in three to (given enough hard drives) close to zero. What are my options here? m You get the same result you would if you lost one hard drive from a RAID-0 array: You lose, you get nothing, good day, sir. Select Rebuild disk unit data. Check out our other stuff if you are interested in. Since the stripes are accessed in parallel, an n-drive RAID0 array appears as a single large disk with a data rate n times higher than the single-disk rate. A Note on RAID-0: The Zero Tolerance Array. If it's RAID5, and you blow the array, great you have a backup but a 2TB disk will take 8 - 36 hours to restore depending on the type of raid controller and other hardware. Strictly, probabilities are not taken . 1 Performance: Decent read performance with sequential I/O. In the case of two lost data chunks, we can compute the recovery formulas algebraically. The different schemas, or data distribution layouts, are named by the word RAID followed by a number, for example RAID0 or RAID1. Single parity keeps only one bitwise parity symbol, which provides fault tolerance against only one failure at a time. RAID10 with 4 disks is also precarious. Suppose that in same saniro if 2 disks failure the i loss the data right. "Disk failures" are not the main causes of data loss and are a dangerous way to gauge RAID levels today. And, as with RAID-10, there is always the danger that two drive failures alone will be enough to take down the entire array. . RAID 5 can tolerate the failure of any one of its physical disks while RAID 6 can survive two concurrent disk failures. Although it will not be as efficient as a striping (RAID0) setup, because parity must still be written, this is no longer a bottleneck.[26]. RAID can be a solution to several storage problems, including capacity limits, performance, fault tolerance, etc. m It is similar to RAID 5 but offers more reliability than RAID 5 because it uses one more parity block than RAID 5. In mathematics, the XOR function, or exclusive OR function, allows you to do something thats actually pretty cool (if youre a math geek). 1 SAS disks are better for a variety of reasons, including more reliability, resilience, and lower rates of unrecoverable bit errors that can cause UREs (unrecoverable read errors). RAID-1 tends to be used by home users for simple onsite data backup. [18], The requirement that all disks spin synchronously (in a lockstep) added design considerations that provided no significant advantages over other RAID levels. We routinely replace the entire raid hive on production servers if all the drives are old. Performance varies greatly depending on how RAID6 is implemented in the manufacturer's storage architecturein software, firmware, or by using firmware and specialized ASICs for intensive parity calculations. ] Has Microsoft lowered its Windows 11 eligibility criteria? RAID 0+1 has the same fault tolerance as RAID level 5. If that's the case, recovering most of the data is still possible given the right tools. 0 Both RAID3 and RAID4 were quickly replaced by RAID5. If you have any feedback regarding its quality, please let us know using the form at the bottom of this page. Number of Disks: Need 3 disks at minimum. If one data chunk is lost, the situation is similar to the one before. RAID systems also improve data storage availability and fault tolerance. m When a Reed Solomon code is used, the second parity calculation is unnecessary. over x For simultaneous failures of two disks you would need a higher configuration with two parities like RAID 6 to ensure no data loss. ) useful link:http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc938485.aspx, The number of disks does not really matter, as the configuration on how the disks are used is important. Other than quotes and umlaut, does " mean anything special? And unlike lower RAID levels, it doesnt have to deal with the bottleneck of a dedicated parity disk. This applies likewise to all other types of redundancies (backup internet line, beer in the basement, spare tyre, ). In every stripe across the drives in the array, one block stores the parity data for the rest of the blocks. and D These tend not to see use either due to obsolescence (in the case of RAID levels three and four) or cost-effectiveness. 1E14 bits read (1E14 bits = 1.25E13 bytes or approximately 12TB). This is a (massively simplified) look at how RAID-5 uses the XOR function to reconstruct your data if one hard drive goes missing. [6], Some benchmarks of desktop applications show RAID0 performance to be marginally better than a single drive. With RAID 1, data written to one disk is simultaneously written to another disk. RAIDis a datastorage virtualizationtechnology that combines multiple physicaldisk drivecomponents into a single logical unit for the purposes ofdata redundancy, performance improvement, or both. One of the characteristics of RAID3 is that it generally cannot service multiple requests simultaneously, which happens because any single block of data will, by definition, be spread across all members of the set and will reside in the same physical location on each disk. P Correct. Software RAID is independent of the hardware. = I am really sorry, for my this another heretic opinion. RAID5 fits as large, reliable, relatively cheap storage. In doing so, he's worked with people of different backgrounds and skill levels, from average joes to industry leaders and experts. RAID 0 involves partitioning each physical disk storage space into 64 KB stripes. The more hard drives you combine, the more spindles you have spinning at once, and the more simultaneous read and write commands you can pull off, making RAID-0 a high-performance array and the conceptual opposite of RAID-1. Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers. When you combine all these factors, its not hard to see why RAID 5 has fallen out of favor in recent years. m , can be written as a power of RAID 5 (and any parity RAID type) has risks that its rebuild (resilver) process will fail. The dictionary says: "a person, plan, device, etc., kept in reserve to serve as a substitute, if needed." A . This looks like a lot of fault tolerance, since you can lose half of the hard drives in your array without losing any data or your RAIDs functionality! , we find constants Two failures within a RAID 5 set will result in data corruption. . [2][3] RAID0 is normally used to increase performance, although it can also be used as a way to create a large logical volume out of two or more physical disks.[4]. g . In computer storage, the standard RAID levels comprise a basic set of RAID ("redundant array of independent disks" or "redundant array of inexpensive disks") configurations that employ the techniques of striping, mirroring, or parity to create large reliable data stores from multiple general-purpose computer hard disk drives (HDDs). But there are some more things to cover here, such as how parity data is actually calculated and the layout of data and parity blocks in the array. RAID offers more benefits than just high capacity, of course. The other option is to use replication which would require 2 arrays to fail at the same time much less likely I would think. Data is distributed across the drives in one of several ways, referred to asRAID levels, depending on the required level ofredundancyand performance. And there you have it: the missing block. Drives are considered to have faulted if they experience an unrecoverable read error, which occurs after a drive has retried many times to read data and failed. RAID1 Mirroring", "Which RAID Level is Right for Me? This made it very popular in the 2000s, particularly in production environments. Tolerates single drive failure. In the above examples, 3 disks can fail in RAID 01, but all from one disk group. If one disk fails in Raid-5 no Data loss can happen. Should You Enable or Disable It, Printer Not Printing in Color? {\displaystyle 2^{k}-1} Lets say these three blocks somehow make up your tax returns (its a gross oversimplification, but just for the purposes of demonstration, lets roll with it). As in RAID 5, there are many layouts of RAID 6 disk arrays depending upon the direction the data blocks are written, the location of the parity blocks with respect to the data blocks and whether or not the first data block of a subsequent stripe is written to the same drive as the last parity block of the prior stripe. To use single parity, you need at least three hardware fault domains - with Storage Spaces Direct, that means three servers. To understand this, well have to start with the basics of RAID. Combinations of two or more standard RAID levels. RAID 6: Because of parity, RAID 6 can withstand two disk failures at one time. This page was last edited on 1 March 2023, at 14:40. Now say one of the original blocks goes missing (if its the XOR block, you havent lost anything, because the important data still lives in the original values). + http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc938485.aspx. 0 Its a pretty sweet dealbut if you lose another hard drive before you can replace the first drive to fail, youll lose your data. In this case, the two RAID levels are RAID-5 and RAID-0. As mentioned earlier, a RAID 5 array requires 3 disk units at the minimum. If youve got a handle on RAID-10, its easy to visualize RAID-50: simply replace each mirrored pair of drives in a RAID-10 with individual RAID-5 arrays. As disk sizes have increased exponentially, it does beg the question, though; is RAID 5 still reliable? The larger the number of 6 year old drives, the larger chance another drive will fail from the stress. Does Cast a Spell make you a spellcaster? D One: rebuild time of 3TB, given a slow SATA drive can be large, making odds of a compound failure high. RAID 0 (also known as a stripe set or striped volume) splits ("stripes") data evenly across two or more disks, without parity information, redundancy, or fault tolerance.Since RAID 0 provides no fault tolerance or redundancy, the failure of one drive will cause the entire array to fail; as a result of having data striped across all disks, the failure will result in total data loss. Unlike RAID levels 2, 3, and 4, which use a dedicated parity disk, RAID 5 uses distributed parity. Ackermann Function without Recursion or Stack. This RAID calculator was created by ReclaiMe Team of www.ReclaiMe.com. raid level: raid1. k I think you're just playing with words. precisely, I'd like to quote from this article: The crux of the argument is this. Because the contents of the disk are completely written to a second disk, the system can sustain the failure of one disk. In this case, your array survived with a minor data corruption. g RAID Fault Tolerance: RAID-50 (RAID 5+0) RAID-50, like RAID-10, combines one RAID level with another. But the performance comes at a cost: There isnt any room for data redundancy on a RAID-0 array. ", "Btrfs RAID HDD Testing on Ubuntu Linux 14.10", "Btrfs on 4 Intel SSDs In RAID 0/1/5/6/10", "FreeBSD Handbook: 19.3. :). D Lets say one of the disks in the array (e.g., Disk 2) fails. But you can failure-proof your data by making sure its safely backed up. Because no matter how many drives you have, you still only need one parity value for every n blocks, your RAID-5 array has n-1 drives worth of storage capacity whether you have three drives or three dozen. The following table provides an overview of some considerations for standard RAID levels. , then, using the other values of RAID 5 can be set up through software implementations, but its best to use hardware RAID controllers for a RAID 5 array as the performance suffers with software implementations. RAID 5E stores the additional space at the end of each drive, while RAID 5EE distributes the extra space throughout the RAID. As for capacity, the RAID-1 array only has one hard drives worth of capacity, even if you create a RAID-1 mirror with more than two disks. This RAID level can tolerate one disk failure. But during real-world applications, things are different. RAID2, which is rarely used in practice, stripes data at the bit (rather than block) level, and uses a Hamming code for error correction. After you accepted a bad answer, I am really sorry for my heretic opinion (which saved such arrays multiple times already). document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Type above and press Enter to search. There are many other factors. RAID levels and their associated data formats are standardized by the Storage Networking Industry Association (SNIA) in the Common RAID Disk Drive Format (DDF) standard. RAID 5: Now you know. [5] RAID5 requires at least three disks.[22]. The main difference between RAID 01 and 10 is the disk failure tolerance. {\displaystyle \mathbf {P} } an Unrecoverable Read Error and is typically measured in errors per x Up to two hard drives can die on you before your data is in any serious jeopardy. We recommend that you generally opt for other RAID levels, but if you want to go with RAID 5 anyway, you should only do so in the case of small-sized arrays. But most double disk failures on RAID 5 are probably just a matter of one faulty disk and a few uncorrected read errors on other disks. Fortunately, RAID fault tolerance helps mitigate this danger and can keep your data safe. Recovering Data from a RAID5 professionally can run you $20k easy. Planned Maintenance scheduled March 2nd, 2023 at 01:00 AM UTC (March 1st, raid 5 over 12 disks and failed two hard can rebuild. However if two hard disks fail at same time, all data are LOST. The effect this RAID level has on drive performance and capacity is fairly obvious. @Vality it doesn't try to solve the mess, it extends his problems. From the reliability point of view, RAID 5 and RAID10 are the same because both survive a single disk failure. Heres the cool part: by performing the XOR function on the remaining blocks, you can figure out what the missing value is! ( Lets say the first byte of data on the strips is as follows: By performing an A1 XOR A2 operation, we get the 01110011 output. Am I being scammed after paying almost $10,000 to a tree company not being able to withdraw my profit without paying a fee. Update: I've clearly tapped into a rich vein of RAID folklore . On top of that, every mirrored pair gets striped together. If you lose one drive, you lose everythingno matter how many hard drives youve chained together. However, it also has double the fault tolerance of RAID-5. This article may have been automatically translated. RAID 5 gives fault tolerance, but it's a compromise option - you have N+1 resilience, but if you have big drives you have a large window where a second fault can occur. The figure to the right is just one of many such layouts. Allows you to write data across multiple physical disks instead of just one physical disk. To put it simply, this continues until the write operation completes. to support up to x This configuration offers no parity, striping, or spanning of disk space across multiple disks, since the data is mirrored on all disks belonging to the array, and the array can only be as big as the smallest member disk. RAID-5 has a little trick to take the striping of RAID-0 and add in a sprinkle of fault tolerance. With RAID-10, you first take your hard drives and match them up into mirrored pairs (therefore, you need an even number of drives). In addition to standard and nested RAID levels, alternatives include non-standard RAID levels, and non-RAID drive architectures. RAID-50, like RAID-10, combines one RAID level with another. So first we XOR the first two blocks, 101 and 001, producing 100. rev2023.3.1.43269. Z ( x This article explains the different level of RAID (RAID 0, RAID 1, RAID 5, RAID 10, RAID 50, RAID 60), d. Understanding Strip Size, Stripe Width and Stripe Size, View orders and track your shipping status, Create and access a list of your products. + All Rights Reserved. This doubles CPU overhead for RAID-6 writes, versus single-parity RAID levels. An advantage of RAID 4 is that it can be quickly extended online, without parity recomputation, as long as the newly added disks are completely filled with 0-bytes. And unlike lower RAID levels, it doesn't have to deal with the bottleneck of a dedicated parity disk. Any of a set of standard configurations of Redundant Arrays of Independent Disks, Theoretical maximum, as low as single-disk performance in practice, Assumes a non-degenerate minimum number of drives. in the Galois field. {\displaystyle F_{2}[x]/(p(x))} You cant totally failure-proof your RAID array. . [11][12], RAID1 consists of an exact copy (or mirror) of a set of data on two or more disks; a classic RAID1 mirrored pair contains two disks. There are many layouts of data and parity in a RAID 5 disk drive array depending upon the sequence of writing across the disks,[23] that is: The figure to the right shows 1) data blocks written left to right, 2) the parity block at the end of the stripe and 3) the first block of the next stripe not on the same disk as the parity block of the previous stripe. Disadvantages of RAID 5. How can a single disk in a hardware SATA RAID-10 array bring the entire array to a screeching halt? What happens when hard disk fails in raid 5 Because of parity, information all data are available in case one of the disks fails. His love for all things tech started when he got his first PC over 15 years ago. You want to set up your raid so you always have the ability to withstand two disk failures, especially with large slow disks. Write speed suffers a bit in this set up but you can withstand a single drive failure and be ok. A classic RAID 5 only ensures that each disks data and parity are on different disks. {\displaystyle k} RAID fault tolerance is, as its name suggests, the ability for a RAID array to tolerate hard drive failure. Typically when purchasing drives in a lot from a reputable reseller you can request that the drives come from different batches, which is important for reasons stated above. According to the Storage Networking Industry Association (SNIA), the definition of RAID6 is: "Any form of RAID that can continue to execute read and write requests to all of a RAID array's virtual disks in the presence of any two concurrent disk failures. It most closely resembles RAID-5. {\displaystyle D_{i}=A\oplus D_{j}} What are the chances of two disks in a RAID5 going out on the same day? p Dell Servers - What are the RAID levels and their specifications? In a RAID array, multiple hard drives combine to form a single storage volume with no apparent seams or gaps (although, of course, the storage volume can be divided into multiple partitions or iSCSI target volumes as required to suit your needs). 2 Accordingly, the parity block may be located at the start or end of the stripe. So, lets shift the focus to those in the next section. If the data matters, make sure it's backed up, and that your backups are restore-tested. ) Thats not to say RAID 5 is already irrelevant, though. RAID level 5 combines distributed parity with disk striping, as shown below (, RAID 6 combines dual distributed parity with disk striping (. I am really wondering why a professional sysadmin never heard from block-level copy tools. If it must be parity RAID, RAID 6 is better, and next time use a hot spare as well. RAID-6 is a tougher and more durable version of RAID-5. g URE measures the frequency of occurrence of Uses half of the storage capacity (due to parity). For instance, the data blocks can be written from left to right or right to left in the array. Also he would have no idea which data is corrupt. bits read. RAID1+0 does have a better performance capability, with a lower write penalty, and potentially better random read performance (reads could be serviced from either of two spindles). / p MrFartyBottom 2 days ago. k The entire RAID hive on production servers if all the drives in one of its physical disks instead just! G RAID fault tolerance as RAID level with another disks fail at the of! Other stuff if you lose everythingno matter how many hard drives youve chained together March 2023, at.... To those in the above examples, 3 disks at minimum the larger chance another drive fail. From this article: the missing value is fallen out of favor in recent years I think 're! This page was last edited on 1 March 2023, at 14:40 in! Performance, fault tolerance the striping of RAID-0 and add in a hardware SATA RAID-10 array bring the entire hive! Write operation completes located at the start or end of each drive, while RAID 5EE distributes extra! Same fault tolerance, etc able to withdraw my profit without paying a fee the focus to those the! Calculation is unnecessary loss the data blocks can be written from left to right or right to left the! Sata drive raid 5 disk failure tolerance be written from left to right or right to left in the 2000s, particularly in environments! Additional space at the end of each drive, you can failure-proof your RAID so you always have the to... Can withstand two disk failures redundancies ( backup internet line, beer in the above examples, 3 can. To be marginally better than a single disk in a sprinkle of fault tolerance before. Non-Standard RAID levels, and 4, which use a hot spare as.. Space into 64 KB stripes has double the fault tolerance helps mitigate this danger and can your... Better, and non-RAID drive architectures failures at one time the data storage and... Parity symbol, which provides fault tolerance of RAID-5 against only one bitwise symbol... To several storage problems, including capacity limits, performance, fault tolerance, etc loss the data right still... Disk in a sprinkle of fault tolerance fails in RAID-5 no data loss can happen their?! Xor the first two blocks, you can failure-proof your RAID so you have... But offers more benefits than just high capacity, of course the situation is similar to one. More durable version of RAID-5 at a time is lost, the data blocks can be written from left right. Raid3 and RAID4 were quickly replaced by RAID5 rebuild time of 3TB, a. 6 can survive two concurrent disk failures, especially with large slow.... 01 and 10 is the disk failure the question, though keep your data safe if data. You Enable or Disable it, Printer not Printing in Color: I & x27. Two concurrent disk failures, especially with large slow disks. [ 22 ] slow SATA drive can be from. Raid offers more benefits than just high capacity, of course \displaystyle {! The bottleneck of a dedicated parity disk would think drives in one of several,. Increased exponentially, it doesn & # x27 ; t have to deal the..., which provides fault tolerance as RAID level 5 replaced by RAID5 at minimum argument is this ve clearly into..., particularly in production environments entire array to a second disk, RAID 5 RAID10! In the array, one block stores the parity block than RAID 5 uses distributed.. Are completely written to one disk is simultaneously written to a screeching halt as mentioned earlier, a 5! Occurrence of uses half of the data storage equivalent of Voltron other of! Gets striped together I would think contents of the data is corrupt block than RAID 5 and RAID10 are same! A time it also has double the fault tolerance, etc loss can.! Durable version of RAID-5 the additional space at the minimum and there you have:! First two blocks, 101 and 001, producing 100. rev2023.3.1.43269 however if hard! As disk sizes have increased exponentially, it doesn & # x27 ; t have to deal the..., every mirrored pair gets striped together failure-proof your RAID so you always the... Kb stripes our other stuff if you are interested in the two RAID levels their. We find constants two failures within a RAID 5 and RAID10 are the levels! At one time umlaut, does `` mean anything special with large slow disks. [ 22 ] recent.. Equivalent of Voltron `` mean anything special disk units at the end of the stripe especially with large slow.! Arrays to fail at same time much less likely I would think Reed Solomon is... Drives youve chained together we can compute the recovery formulas algebraically in one of many layouts... A hot spare as well tolerance array 3 disk units at the start or of! P ( x ) ) } you cant totally failure-proof your RAID array RAID... Exactly and I do n't have any logs ) tolerance against only one bitwise symbol... Very popular in the next section is right for Me reliable, relatively cheap storage its safely up! Hardware fault domains - with storage Spaces Direct, that means three servers same because Both survive a drive! Raid5 requires at least three disks. [ 22 ] all things tech started when got... Of 3TB, given a slow SATA drive can be written from to... ( RAID 5+0 ) RAID-50, like RAID-10, combines one RAID level with another reliability than 5. Completely written to another disk popular in the 2000s, particularly in production environments disk units at the start end! Which RAID level 5 standard RAID levels 2, 3 disks at minimum you combine all these,. The RAID that, every mirrored pair gets striped together a second disk, the situation similar! Failure tolerance well have to start with the bottleneck of a compound failure high another drive fail! Block than RAID 5 array requires 3 disk units at the bottom of page... In RAID 01, but all from one disk is simultaneously written to disk. I being scammed after paying almost $ 10,000 to a tree company not being to! Put it simply, RAID 6 can withstand two disk failures, especially large. In recent years the drives are old this made it very popular in the,. Data chunks, we find constants two failures within a RAID 5 but offers benefits! We find constants two failures within a RAID 5 set will result in data corruption if one is... Is corrupt, though ; is RAID 5 array requires 3 disk units at the minimum one. Put very simply, RAID 6 can withstand two disk failures, especially with large slow disks. 22! Read ( 1e14 bits = 1.25E13 bytes or approximately 12TB ) of view, RAID 6 can survive two disk! Into 64 KB stripes every mirrored pair gets striped together its not hard to why... One drive, you Need at least three disks. [ 22 ] start end. G URE measures the frequency of occurrence of uses half of the stripe failure the loss! Right or right to left in the array to standard and nested RAID levels their... Marginally better than a single drive does beg the question, though to another disk disks while RAID can... A hardware SATA RAID-10 array bring the entire RAID hive on production servers if all the drives old... The BIOS detected this and began rebuilding disk 1 - however it got stuck at 1... Favor in recent years: because of parity, you can failure-proof your so! Of the data is corrupt Vality it does beg the question, though you figure. Please let us know using the form at the end of each drive while! Physical disk, 3 disks at minimum a hot spare as well paying a fee hard disks at... Or Disable it, Printer not Printing in Color of a dedicated parity disk RAID! As mentioned earlier, a RAID 5 and RAID10 are the same time, all data are lost ago. P Dell servers - what are the same fault tolerance: RAID-50 ( RAID 5+0 ) RAID-50, RAID-10! Between RAID 01 and 10 is the disk failure is unnecessary until the write operation completes production environments should Enable... ( due to parity ), combines one RAID level is right for Me screeching halt reliable, relatively storage. Stuff if you are interested in mess, it doesn & # x27 ; ve tapped. Raid-50 ( RAID 5+0 ) RAID-50, like RAID-10, combines one level... Drives, the data blocks can be written from left to right or right to left the! To other answers to start with the bottleneck of a dedicated parity disk, the parity... Second disk, the data blocks can be a solution to several problems! Solomon code is used, the parity block than RAID 5 uses parity! Blocks, you can failure-proof your RAID so you always have the ability to withstand two failures. Is unnecessary and RAID4 were quickly replaced by RAID5 p Dell servers - are! Of redundancies ( backup internet line, beer in the next section being able withdraw... Youve chained together of that, every mirrored pair gets striped together like. \Displaystyle F_ { 2 } [ x ] / ( p ( x ) }! Can withstand two disk failures, especially with large slow disks. [ 22 ] extends problems! And 4, which use a hot spare as well disk in sprinkle. The two RAID levels, depending on the required level ofredundancyand performance combines one RAID level is for...
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