Bryan had a distinguished and active political career, supporting workers' rights and women's suffrage while opposing monopolies and teaching evolution in schools. The memorable speech was given at the 1896 Democratic National Convention in Chicago. His opponent, William Jennings Bryan (who Littlefield suggested was represented by the cowardly lion in The Wizard of Oz) was famous for his "Cross of Gold" speech. It did not become unconstitutional until one judge changed his mind; and we cannot be expected to know when a judge will change his mind. [90] The only paper to predict, after Bryan gave his speech, that he would not be nominated was The Wall Street Journal, which stated, "Bryan has had his day". They have tried to strain it to mean that which it does not mean. Bryan considered this no loss at all; the focus of the convention was on the party platform and the debate which would precede its adoption. I come to speak to you in defense of a cause as holy as the cause of libertythe cause of humanity. When I find a man who is not willing to pay his share of the burden of the government which protects him, I find a man who is unworthy to enjoy the blessings of a government like ours. He says he also wants to amend this platform so as to provide that if we fail to maintain the parity within a year that we will then suspend the coinage of silver. . He did for Rome what Jackson did when he destroyed the bank conspiracy and saved America. In November he lost to the Republican candidate, William McKinley. Our ancestors, when but three millions in number, had the courage to declare their political independence of every other nation; shall we, their descendants, when we have grown to seventy millions, declare that we are less independent than our forefathers? BRYAN: CROSS OF GOLD. [21] He traveled widely, speaking to audiences across the nation. "[24], In the aftermath of the 1894 election, the silver forces, led by Altgeld and others, began an attempt to take over the machinery of the Democratic Party. Gold Democrats looked to the President for leadership, but Cleveland, trusting few in his party, did not involve himself further in the gold efforts, but spent the week of the convention fishing off the New Jersey coast. I want to suggest this truth, that if the gold standard is a good thing we ought to declare in favor of its retention and not in favor of abandoning it; and if the gold standard is a bad thing, why should we wait until some other nations are willing to help us to let it go? He cared about politics and his religion equally. Both of these movements helped to create the People's Party, or the Populist Party, which officially established its party platform in Omaha, Nebraska, on July 4, 1892. Both men spoke to hundreds of thousands of people from their chosen venues. [95] However, Bryan did gain the support of the Populists, as well as a convention of Silver Republicans. It is the issue of 1776 over again. However, the senator wanted 50 minutes to speak, too long for a closing address, and at Bryan's request agreed to open the debate instead. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Nevertheless, he won the nomination without the votes of the gold delegates, most of whom either left the convention or refused to vote. [91] He received many letters from supporters, expressing their faith in him in stark terms. Which? doubt, because there is scarcely a State here today asking for the gold standard which is not in the absolute control of the Republican party. Co-founder, Chairman and CEO of Meta Platforms (formerly Facebook, Inc.) Co-founder and co-CEO of Chan Zuckerberg Initiative . [99], Bryan's speech is considered one of the most powerful political addresses in American history. Jones points out that though Bryan's speaking engagements were not deemed political by the standards of 1896, by modern measurements he was far more active in campaigning for the nomination than most of the better-known candidates.[29]. That is the question which the party must answer first, and then it must be answered by each individual hereafter. President Cleveland sent federal troops to Illinois to end the Pullman strikeworkers at the Pullman Palace Car Company, which made railroad cars, had struck after wages were cut. Bryan made a speech called "Cross of Gold", which had a strong reaction with the audience and included religious imagery. Bound in semi-stiff boards covered in dark green washi paper, wit [106] Historian R. Hal Williams suggested that the opposite philosophy, of legislation for the masses leading to prosperity for all, advocated by Bryan in his speech, informed the domestic policies of later Democratic presidents, including Franklin Roosevelt with his New Deal.[107]. Introduction: -attractions of a political cartoon ii. The humblest citizen in all the land, when clad in the armor of a righteous cause, is stronger than all the hosts of error. What will the decision be today? How is it today? "[56], Vilas quickly lost his audience, which did not want to hear Cleveland defended. [6] Silver was now undervalued at the Mint; accordingly little was presented for striking into money. He does use the word gold in a religious allusion, but it's given quite a different meaning. Bryan continued with language evoking the Civil War, telling his audience that "in this contest brother has been arrayed against brother, father against son. . The Republican Party platform for the election, formulated at its convention in St. Louis in June, declared, We are unalterably opposed to every measure calculated to debase our currency. When the Democrats gathered a few weeks later, their platform called for the free and unlimited coinage of both silver and gold. In an eloquent plea for the coinage of silver and an attack on the thesis that gold was the only sound backing for currency, Bryan closed with the peroration, you shall not press down on the brow of labor this crown of thorns. The third ballot saw Bland still in the lead, but Bryan took the lead on the fourth ballot. If they tell us that the gold standard is the standard of civilization, we reply to them that this, the most enlightened of all nations of the earth, has never declared for a gold standard, and both the parties this year are declaring against it. Bryan traveled 18,000 miles by train to give over 600 speeches (36 in one day) to about five million people. There are two ideas of government. They criticize us for our criticism of the Supreme Court of the United States. Once the convention came to order, Arkansas Senator James K. Jones, chair of the Committee on Resolutions, read the proposed platform to cheers by many delegates; the reading of the pro-gold minority report attracted less applause. [98], After McKinley's inauguration in March 1897, increases in gold availability from new discoveries and improved refining methods led to a considerable increase in the money supply. Known as an orator even then, Bryan had not always favored free silver out of conviction, stating in 1892 that he was for it because the people of Nebraska were for it. The silver would be struck into dollar coins to be circulated, or else stored and used as backing for silver certificates. [25] Bryan biographer Paulo E. Coletta wrote, "during this year [July 1894 June 1895] of calamities, disintegration and revolution, each crisis aided Bryan because it caused division within his party and permitted him to contest for its mastery as it slipped from Cleveland's fingers. Conclusion: -main message of Latuff's cartoon process . free coinage of silver at silver-gold ratio of 16 to 1 issue in Bryan's Cross of Gold speech The use of symbols: -the suit -gas station -the 2 trucks iii. Bryan made a speech called "Cross of Gold", which had a strong reaction with the audience and included religious imagery. On the fifth ballot, the Illinois delegation, led by Governor Altgeld, switched its votes from Bland to Bryan. For one thing, he began the 1896 convention without any official statusthe Democratic National Committee, which made the initial determination of which delegations would be seated, had chosen the pro-gold Nebraskans to represent their state. Welcome to a series on William Jennings Bryan's famous 1896 Cross of Gold speech. The policemen were swept away by the flood of delegates, who raised Bryan to their shoulders and carried him around the floor. Because upon the paramount issue in this campaign there is not a spot of ground upon which the enemy will dare to challenge battle. Although Altgeld and his adherents urged voters to distinguish between Cleveland and his party, the Democrats lost 113 seats in the House in the 1894 midterm elections, the greatest loss by a majority party in congressional history. You shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold. "[61] Bryan would say little that he had not said beforethe text is similar to that of a speech he had given the previous week at Crete, Nebraska[62]but he would give the convention its voice. The income tax was not unconstitutional when it was passed. There are those who believe that, if you will only legislate to make the well-to-do prosperous, their prosperity will leak through on those below. The Cross of Gold speech was delivered by William Jennings Bryan, a former United States Representative from Nebraska, at the Democratic National Convention in Chicago on July 9, 1896. 28 Monday Mar 2016. He also proposed the establishment of a mint, at which citizens could present gold or silver, and receive it back, struck into money. It offers discussion questions, classroom activities, and primary source analysis tools. [54], Senator David B. Hill of New York, a gold supporter, was next. As a Democratic member of the Ways and Means Committee through two Congresses, Mr. Bryan was by all odds the ablest and strongest orator on the Democratic side of the House. Those who are opposed to this proposition tell us that the issue of paper money is a function of the bank and that the government ought to go out of the banking business. [33] Silver forces were supported by the Democratic National Bimetallic Committee, the umbrella group formed in 1895 to support silver Democrats in their insurgency against Cleveland. William Jennings Bryan. Despite vocal opposition led by Tennessee Representative (and future president) Andrew Johnson, the precious metal content of smaller silver coins was reduced in 1853. [87], According to the New York World, "Lunacy having dictated the platform, it was perhaps natural that hysteria should evolve the candidate. Source 1 Political Cartoon "Swallowed" from Puck Magazine Source 2 Cross of Gold Political Cartoon Source 3 Photograph of a sod house Source 4 Political Cartoon, "The Grange . Governmental response to this shortage was hampered by the fact that officials did not clearly understand what had happened. Another reporter approached him and asked him who he thought would win the nomination. Our war is not a war of conquest. Many in the public saw the bonds as benefiting bankers, not the nation. The gentleman from New York says that he will propose an amendment providing that this change in our law shall not affect contracts which, according to the present laws, are made payable in gold. 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[81] Newspaper accounts of the convention leave little doubt but that, had a vote been taken at that moment (as many were shouting to do), Bryan would have been nominated. Political cartoons are generally regarded as a hypertrophied imagination of the political or social reality of the particular time epoch. [86], Most contemporary press accounts attributed Bryan's nomination to his eloquence, though in the case of Republican and other gold-favoring newspapers, they considered it his demagoguery. Mr. This exhibit features cartoons from Jay N. "Ding" Darling, Homer C . The gentleman who just preceded me [Governor Russell] spoke of the old state of Massachusetts. Our war is not a war of conquest; we are fighting in the defense of our homes, our families, and posterity. 7.5 x 4.75 in. The speech was given at the Democratic National Convention, so the audience was pledged delegates from the 50 states of the US so that . Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. We demand the free and unlimited coinage of both silver and gold at the present legal ratio of 16 to 1 without waiting for the aid or consent of any other nation. So if they come to meet us on that, we can present the history of our nation. Historian Stanley Jones, in his study of the 1896 election, suggests that western Democrats would have opposed Cleveland even if the party had held its congressional majority in 1894; with the disastrous defeat, they believed the party would be wiped out in the West if it did not support silver. Jones deemed the Democrats likely to nominate a candidate who would appeal to the Populist Party, and Bryan had been elected to Congress with Populist support. They say we passed an unconstitutional law. Optional: In 1921 (25 years after the original speech), he recorded portions of the speech for Gennett Records in Richmond, Indiana. [34], The Bimetallic Committee carefully planned to take control of every aspect of the convention, eliminating any threat that the minority gold faction could take power. [102] Bryan's emphasis on agrarian issues, both in his speech and in his candidacy, may have helped cement voting patterns which kept the Democrats largely out of power until the 1930s. [3], In the early 19th century, the economic disruption caused by the Napoleonic Wars caused United States gold coins to be worth more as bullion than as money, and they vanished from circulation. It is because no private character, however pure, no personal popularity, however great, can protect from the avenging wrath of an indignant people the man who will either declare that he is in favor of fastening the gold standard upon this people, or who is willing to surrender the right of self-government and place legislative control in the hands of foreign potentates and powers. However, he stated, facing towards the gold delegates, "when you come before us and tell us that we are about to disturb your business interests, we reply that you have disturbed our business interests by your course. German-born political cartoonist Thomas Nast gave America some of its most enduring symbols: the Republican elephant, the Democratic donkey, and Uncle Sam. My God! American cartoon by Grant Hamilton, 1896, on William Jennings Bryan's 'Cross of Gold' speech at the Democratic National Convention in Chicago, which won Bryan the presidential nomination. Mark Zuckerberg - Zuckerberg in April 2019. [11], In 1890, the Sherman Silver Purchase Act greatly increased government purchases of silver. Latuff here in this cartoon is showing the uncaring of the president to the country. [50], "Pitchfork Ben" Tillman lived up to his nickname with an incendiary address which began with a reference to his home state's role in beginning the Civil War. Why, as individuals we might have been glad to compliment the gentleman from New York [Senator Hill], but we knew that the people for whom we speak would never be willing to put him in a position where he could thwart the will of the Democratic Party. [18], Despite the repeal of the act, economic conditions failed to improve. But note the change. [71] The police in the convention hall, not sharing the enthusiasm for silver, were described by the press (some of whose members were caught up in the frenzy) as standing as if they thought the audience was about to turn on them. Nevertheless, large crowds gathered outside the public entrances; the galleries were quickly packed. Gold Democrats were successful in a few states in the Northeast, but had little luck elsewhere. Although Bryan had decided on a strategy to gain the nominationto give a speech which would make him the logical candidate in the eyes of delegateshe faced obstacles along the way. There was loud cheering as Bryan stood there, waiting for his audience to calm. Why this change? [16] By 1893, his views on silver had evolved, and on the floor of the House of Representatives, he delivered a riveting three-hour address against repeal of the Silver Purchase Act. [35] Well aware of the overwhelming forces against them, many gold delegates were inclined to concede the platform battle. They called for the return to pre-1873 laws, which would require the Mint to take all the silver offered it and return it, struck into silver dollars. [45] The DNC's action could be reversed, but not until the convention's credentials committee reported. As Hill moved to the podium, a reporter friend passed Bryan a note urging him to make a patriotic speech without hint of sectionalism; Bryan responded, "You will not be disappointed. Circulars were being distributed in Illinois, and admirers in Nebraska, North Carolina, Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas, Arkansas, and other states were urging his selection among their friends. Afrocentrists, Evangelicals, Hebrew-Israelites and the False Revolution. This handout is a great resource for helping students analyze this key political cartoon from the Populist Movement and the Election of 1896 featuring William Jennings Bryan and the "Cross of Gold" speech. All rights reserved. Hamilton proposed a monetary system based on bimetallism, in which the new currency would be equal to a given amount of gold, or a larger amount of silver; at the time a given weight of gold was worth about 15 times as much as the same amount of silver. [27] However, part of his strategy was to remain inconspicuous until the last possible moment at the convention. Handout 4: Cross of Gold Speech, one copy for each student Handout 4: Cross of Gold SpeechTeacher Answer Key Handout 5: Assessment, one copy for each student Five signs on large sheets of paper or cardstock with one of the following written on each: Inflation, Deflation, Gold Notes, Silver Notes, and Greenbacks. Of these, only Senator Blackburn, a silver supporter, sparked much reaction, and that only momentary. With a two-thirds vote of the delegates needed to nominate, almost every silver delegate would have to vote for the same candidate to assure success, though any organized support from gold delegates would greatly damage a silver candidate's chances. [39], Despite the desire of silver delegates to nominate a candidate who shared their beliefs, and although several states instructed their delegates to vote for a specific candidate, there was no overwhelming favorite for the nomination going into the convention. Bryan, once seated, was Nebraska's representative to the Committee on Resolutions (generally called the "platform committee"), which allocated 80minutes to each side in the debate and selected Bryan as one of the speakers. In 1896 William Jennings Bryan gave possibly his most famous speech, " The Cross of Gold" Speech at the Democratic National Convention in Chicago, Illinois. W.J. The man who is employed for wages is as much a businessman as his employer. Silver advocates argued that this dropoff, which caused the price of grain to fall below its cost of production, was caused by the failure of the government to adequately increase the money supply, which had remained steady on a per capita basis. Even so, in 1900, Congress passed the Gold Standard Act, formally placing the United States on that standard. Conditions have arisen and we are attempting to meet those conditions. William Jennings Bryan's "Cross of Gold" oration was primarily an expression of his (A) fundamentalist religious beliefs (B) neutral stance toward the belligerents of the First World War (C) advocacy of free and unlimited coinage of silver (D) opposition to teaching the theory of evolution in public schools (E) anti-imperialist convictions We go forth confident that we shall win. It marked the first american victory over a European power. Why is it that within three months such a change has come over the sentiments of the country? I stand with Jefferson rather than with them, and tell them, as he did, that the issue of money is a function of the government and that the banks should go out of the governing business. The most famous speech in American political history was delivered by William Jennings Bryan on July 9, 1896, at the Democratic National Convention in Chicago. If they dare to come out in the open field and defend the gold standard as a good thing, we will fight them to the uttermost. [88] The St. Louis Post-Dispatch opined that with the speech, Bryan "just about immortalized himself". . As the gold men spoke, Bryan ate a sandwich to settle his stomach; he was often nervous before major speeches. At the time, Bryan was a former member of Congress from Nebraska who had been working tirelessly to build support for his candidacy. We are fighting in the defense of our homes, our families, and posterity. He then defended the remainder of the platform, though only speaking in general terms. There were a large number of potential candidates seen as having less support; these included Vice President Adlai Stevenson of Illinois, Senator Joseph C. Blackburn of Kentucky, Senator Teller, and Bryan.[43]. They have tried for thirty yearsthirty yearsto secure an international agreement, and those are waiting for it most patiently who dont want it at all. Corrections? [1], Having behind us the producing masses of this nation and the world, supported by the commercial interests, the laboring interests, and the toilers everywhere, we will answer their demand for a gold standard by saying to them: "You shall not press down upon the brow of labor this crown of thorns; you shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold. The response, wrote one reporter, came like one great burst of artillery. Men and women screamed and waved their hats and canes. Why, that man who used to boast that he looked like Napoleon, that man shudders today when he thinks that he was nominated on the anniversary of the Battle of Waterloo. Gold and silver factions in some states, such as Bryan's Nebraska, sent rival delegations to the convention. We reply to them that changing conditions make new issues; that the principles upon which rest Democracy are as everlasting as the hills; but that they must be applied to new conditions as they arise. UPTO 50% OFF ON ALL PRODUCTS. His speech, delivered at the close of the debate on the party platform, electrified the convention and is generally credited with earning him the nomination for president. The person who gave the Cross of Gold speech was the orator and politician William Jennings Bryan. William Jennings Bryan delivered his "Cross of Gold" speech at the Democratic National Convention in July of 1896 as part of his bid for the party's presidential nomination. Four years previously, the former Nebraska congressman had electrified Democratic delegates with his "Cross of Gold" speech, which defined the policy of "free silver" as a moral crusade and helped propel him to the party's presidential nomination . He was defeated in the general election by the Republican candidate, former Ohio governor William McKinley . As he traveled by rail to Lincoln, he saw farmers and others standing by the tracks, hoping for a glimpse of the new Democratic nominee. The Populists would reach the high water mark of their political power in 1896, when the Democratic Party nominated William Jennings Bryan as its candidate for President of . Much activity took place in advance of the formal opening as the silver and (vastly outnumbered) gold forces prepared their strategies. The audio portion is an excerpt. I shall not slander the fair state of Massachusetts nor the state of New York by saying that when citizens are confronted with the proposition, Is this nation able to attend to its own business?I will not slander either one by saying that the people of those states will declare our helpless impotency as a nation to attend to our own business. At the time, there was no mint in the United States; foreign coins were used. These were the only two candidates to put together organizations to try to secure delegate votes, though both efforts were cash-starved. [75] The lengthy passage as he discussed the platform and the Republicans helped calm the audience, ensuring he would be heard as he reached his peroration. But Bryan first wished to tie the silver question to a greater cause:[46][76], Upon which side will the Democratic Party fight; upon the side of "the idle holders of idle capital" or upon the side of "the struggling masses"? [59] As he concluded his historical recitation, he reminded the silver delegates that they had come to crown their victory, "not to discuss, not to debate, but to enter up the judgment already rendered by the plain people of this country".[66]. Lafayette, CA: d press, 1995. He decried the gold standard, concluding the speech, "you shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold". I come to speak to you in defense of a cause as holy as the cause of libertythe cause of humanity. It was not unconstitutional when it went before the Supreme Court for the first time. "[55] Hill gave a calm speech defending the gold position, and swayed few delegates. Omissions? The full text of William Jenning Bryan's famous "Cross of Gold" speech appears below. [54] He was followed by two other gold men, Senator William Vilas of Wisconsin and former Massachusetts Governor William E. Russell. 27 ] However, Bryan was a former member of Congress from Nebraska had!, part of his strategy was to remain inconspicuous until the last possible moment at the time, did! Mankind upon a Cross of gold speech was the orator and politician William Bryan. A European power 18 ], Despite the repeal of the old state of Massachusetts successful! Senator David B. Hill of New York, a gold supporter, was next, Evangelicals, and! ; accordingly little was presented for striking into money months such a change has come over sentiments! Facebook, Inc. ) co-founder and co-CEO bryan's cross of gold political cartoon analysis Chan Zuckerberg Initiative were quickly packed to delegate! 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