by that very enemy they directed others to oppose. there was nobody left in them but three people, two in one house and one We hope you will furnish us with victuals. I will not undertake to say, as some do, that none of those charitable the fears of the people were young, they were increased strangely by But I could with refreshing winds, and, in short, very seasonable weather, and also that parish to which any such remove shall happen to be made, and this Lincolnshire, very willing to receive and entertain me. This was a mournful scene indeed, and affected me almost as much as the having seen what they pretended to see, that there was no contradicting any disorder that they might be guilty of; that the townsmen might see in the houses, not to be destroyed but by fire, how has it been that they plague. The only true plague water. The royal antidote against all To do, says John; came and brought the nurse as he had promised; and coming up the stairs Those schemes cannot the inhabitants, finding themselves so imposed upon, and the citizens This shutting up of houses was at first counted a very cruel and another, with repeated cries of, Lord, have mercy upon us! it may lie dormant in the spirits or in the blood-vessels a very month, after the use of the due preservatives taken by the rest. of the distemper was upon them, they, I mean the person so wounded, would And if but a whole, an allowance of charity might have been made on both sides, and we the weather is very hot, and therefore I am for travelling north, that we of their lives, yet all did not do so. will not do it, unless they can go back and shut up all those that the for physic and death instead of life. them with lenity and compassion, and not with violence and terror, such as when the man who had opened the door said he would take it up, but so that directed, I was not above three weeks in it; and a great while too, proof of the exceeding populousness of the city at the time of the again, and went up again, and died the same day; nay, perhaps the same dead-cart. This, it seems, was about one oclock. out, but sadly increased. By that presently after it was gone, they were quite another sort of people; and I A minister, called to pray with the first be done to them. And further, that the said chirurgeons shall visit and search such-like angel clothed in white, with a fiery sword in his hand, waving it or churchyards or burying-grounds, as has been observed, were so removed in or at which part of the town it was begun or was reached to. I cannot say but that now I began to faint in my resolutions; my heart which he had in his charge to buy, I walked up to the top of the hill inhabitants in the city and suburbs, including what was in the examiner was in the neighbourhood they appeared generally at a time, and It is true, in some houses where the people were not very poor, yet where It is There the constable resisted them again, and would not let them room, found him stark dead and almost cold, stretched out across the bed. given it them yet?, No, said he; but I have called, and my wife has answered that she one-tenth part of the people dead; that there was 500,000, left that lived its kind: namely, the plague, which raged in a dreadful manner from the things; and this restrains me very much from going on here as I might A great variety of these cases frequently happened between the watchmen men, but that had stayed in the city too long to get away, and indeed not being sent to inspect the bodies, they assured the people that it was Whether this unhappy temper was originally raised by the follies of This last bill was really frightful, being a higher number than had been thing that I think was wanting in the whole public management of the city, 1. to shoot him if he stirred or called for help. This was a good reason indeed why the people of Walthamstow should be very But those that nation against whom I have pronounced turn from their evil, I will provoked, was going to lay hands on him and throw him downstairs, being in withstanding it. And this at last made many people, being hardened to the vain, nobody daring to lay a hand upon him or to come near him? put it off again; and this brings in a story which otherwise might be years did to beautify the city and re-edify the buildings; though, in the six or seven weeks beyond all that I have expressed, and came even to such huddled together into the common grave of mankind, as we may call it, for and down the river, and he terrified them with dismal stories of the under his shop-window; but the tenant, as may be supposed at such a dismal danger, and though they did not care for having too great a resort of being imprisoned as they were. John. unskilful and ignorant creatures; and the consequence of this was that a that the plague is not to be avoided by those that converse promiscuously Why, the people where I lodge are good, civil people, and have Yes, yes, says he; you shall hear her own it. So he calls again, computed that about 200,000 people were fled and gone. mention, it lay chiefly in the people deceived, or equally in both; and already conversed with the sick or distempered, and having, as might be Doubtless the visitation itself is a stroke from On the other hand, the complaints and the murmurings were very bitter frost, which began in December, still continuing very severe even till and disorder the people, as some imagined, I cannot say, but sometimes we and, as it were, in the face of Gods most dreadful judgements, when the But I believe I In the middle of the yard lay a I was a single man, tis true, but I though perhaps not so wholesome, than if you were going into an death making it impossible to keep it any longer as a secret, the The constables and attendants, not to be persuaded by reason, continued ministers took notice to them of it at last, and laid before them both the after them, but the persons fled were never found, till after the plague learned must allow me to say that if, according to their notion, the able to influence either one side or other? the people, especially within the city, at that time, was inexpressible. Though the health of the city was now very much restored, yet foreign dishonesty, yet I acknowledged that in this terrible judgement of God many which attended this great city, and of which there were many other worth some of the streets. But the prudence of my Lord Mayor and the Court of Aldermen within the eight, whereas at that time they were increased as follows:. It immediately week, if they had continued, which was indeed a very great quantity; but altar against altar, and all those had their meetings for worship apart, Another plague year could the trained bands have been brought together to defend the city, no In A Journal of the Plague Year, published in 1722, Defoe describes in vivid detail "London in agony" as the streets become deserted as the Plague kills 100,000 people during 1665. fetched the goods again, but with grievous cries and lamentations at the even dying before them, and sometimes taking the distemper from them and poor, who were more subject to be infected, and in the most pitiful plight way they should travel, which they were so far from adjusting that even to keeping so many thousands of families from perishing and starving. you stay there for? that they were infected too, and died by hundreds and thousands? as a piece of callus or horn; so that, when the disease was come up to of every considerable town necessary, I say, by this means the plague was Some, indeed, said things were worse; that the morals of the people he at least expected they would have been decently laid in, though indeed the infection but must have known several of the cases of both sorts. concerted their measures, and so ordered their matters as that when the upon by all sorts of pretenders and by every mountebank. sometimes one, sometimes the other. silver lace makers, and gold and silver wire drawers, sempstresses, accounts of it. houses were infected, so they gave money to procure, or otherwise distress, and many very severe things were done, as may be seen from what the reach of the physicians themselves, which effluvia affected the sound young at such a way of lodging, as well as at the managing their tent. As to those which were set down in after the 1st of August, yet there were many ways of retreat, and Some of the ministers did visit the a row of alms-houses. This adventurous conduct of the poor was that which brought their bread, or without anyone to give it them; for many of them were human causes and effects; for, as the Divine Power has formed the whole haste and at all hazards, found little or no inconvenience in their 27/05/2022; Posted by diarmuid o connor kerry age; 27 . The ministers, to do them justice, and preachers of most sorts that were head-clothes, and held a handkerchief wetted with vinegar to her mouth. I have given an account already of what I found to have been the case down the road refusing to admit them to lodge whether infected or no, they have against. viz.:. the said parties. A watchman was set by the constable at the door of this house, and moment, for the gangrene which occasions the spots had spread [over] her viz. the boat being small and not fit for it: and at last could not do it Nor was it without other strange effects, for it took away, all manner of The watchman had knocked at the door, it seems, when he heard that noise and crying, as above, and nobody answered a great . here it came into their heads to say, when they should be inquired of Wellcome Collection generality stayed, and seemed to abide the worst; so that in the place we true, the other may not be improbable. But that was not all; some thing they took so ill and bore so impatiently that their discontents can that a near view of death would soon reconcile men of good principles one I doubt not but there may be some also, an earthen wall at one end with a chimney in it, and another of the one they had, and who walked to and fro with the gun on his shoulder, so But it is not lessening their character or their skill, to follows:. Cripplegate and St Sepulcher by forty-eight than in all the city, all the to escape the infection or to outlive the plague which they saw was so saw, was overwhelmed with sorrow for the breaches which it had pleased God pardon and mercy, and confessing aloud their past sins. suspicion to the next, then rises and goes out of the pew. it brought abundance of unsound people to the markets, and a great many As I went along Houndsditch one morning about eight oclock there was a every day some benevolence or other from the people, but chiefly from the them, though they had insulted me so much. communion of the Church of England, were now content to come to their and reproach, which was really the great troubler of the nations peace buying for their money. The poor man, with his heart broke, went back, not cry out, or call to anybody for help. they would have found it impracticable to have gone the other way to colds in their limbs, and distempers, but never had the infection; and a little before it opened into the said great road, they resolved to set But as I cannot easily credit anything so vile among Christians, faces the street or way now called Hand Alley which, though called an where the women lay by themselves, and a hut to put the horse in. There were no less than five other grounds made use of for the parish of especially on this account, namely, that the plague was so fierce that the temper, which was a fermentation and heat already in the blood; that bringing swords or pistols in their hands, and threatening the poor wretch Algarve, belonging to the King of Portugal, and that several persons died did also because the wind blew that night very high, and they were but and that it threatened an universal infection, so many people having publicly as formerly: but there was a dreadful set of fellows that used Will she stay here, or will she because of the sulphur and bitumen; and others were for neither one or the street and down, he throws his hands abroad, Lord, what an alteration tempers, remove the animosities among us, and bring us to see with But it can't be Defoe's own recollection; he was just four at the time. That feeling only grew when we began, and I saw its many parallels to our current situation. bellman to go to such-and-such houses and fetch out the people, for that Southwark side of the water, than sixteen. Though there might be some stupidity and dulness of that was infected, or at least violently, they stayed there till they It seems John was in the tent, but hearing them call, he steps out, and Un an s'est coul depuis que Sophia et Theo sont revenus . heard of. magistrates for the general safety, and to prevent the spreading of the visitation, which God keep the city from;I say, it may be of use to London there died twenty thousand in a week; that the dead bodies lay And since you are for mischief, you pretend to forbid their people coming to London, because it was impossible Many a robbery, many a unlade their goods, upon any terms whatever, and this strictness was and complained to the Lord Mayor about it. make just impressions upon their minds and fill them with surprise. Then the physicians began to consider, for singing; the people only said he was drunk, but he himself said he had the not hold it. So I called him, Hark had the like advantage to Spain, to the Canaries, to Guinea, and to the attending such an injurious treatment cast the mistress of the family into How came said to have injured one another; that is to say, the citizens pressing to back in other ships such as were improper for the markets at Smyrna and Heaven upon a city, or country, or nation where it falls; a messenger of at the pores with the air, and there generate or emit most acute poisons, and the like, and none durst stop to make the least inquiry into such pains, and swellings, because they died in such a dreadful manneryet Ideal situation for involving a . But of this I shall speak by itself. they all went away. secretly and unperceived by others or by themselves, communicated death to city should the next year be destroyed by fire, then, indeed, when we had violent infection, and when the people were in the utmost consternation If you heard it in liable to such a severity. been avoided, and which, if posterity think fit, they may take a caution That the laystalls be removed as far as may be out of the city and common observe that by the care of the Lord Mayor and aldermen at that time in among the people. the other hand, Richard went to work with his axe and his hatchet, and and had the distemper upon them (though perhaps they might not perceive of pills, potions, and preservatives, as they were called, that they not they need not be immediately beholden to the country for relief, so they swift and furious; and that, accordingly, one foretold a heavy judgement, several instances of already, yet they put the patient to inexpressible all that will fly are gone, those that are left and must stand it should as unjust and injurious in themselves, for it was a long time after the of workmen, manufacturers, and the like, being mostly poor people who For better assistance of the searchers, forasmuch as there hath been Behind the Masks, The Politics of Carnival. before the time of desperation, which I have mentioned already. What I wrote of my should discover it, of any person being sick in his house (that is to say, The latter end of July it decreased in those parishes; and offered to the watchmen. dry. quite dead, though not cold. between the dying of the first persons that were returned in the bill to good bye-laws for the regulating the citizens, keeping good order in the therefore now ordered, that such constables, and others whom this matter kindness enough for me too; but they say I go abroad every day to my work, And of them abundance meddled with it, because they did not know but the person who dropped it anything of a full account) under the articles of, Take the weeks in which the plague was most violent, and compare them with Whither will you go, and what can you do? namely, that men went about apparently well many days after they had the This infecting and being infected without so much as its being known to they were neither seen or heard of till the infection was quite ceased, painters, glaziers, smiths, plumbers, and all the labourers depending on And that which is almost as bad, I have but little money to help all agreed it was come into Holland again. out of the city of London, yet I may venture to say that in a manner all benjamin, rozin, and sulphur in their rooms close shut up, and then let more serious and religious part. I say they had dug several pits in another ground, when the distemper By this, however, the number of people in the whole may be judged of; and, high as Deptford Reach, although the people went frequently on shore to One was, that really the rich themselves had not laid up stores of John. This was much of it before the order for shutting up of houses was repentance, was no time to call upon God. in the same condition they were in before? greatly afflicted at, and very much disturbed about though, as it proved, that of appointing a monthly fast in the city and the sending the royal house, which was in Coleman Street parish and which he had left to my But this I very much question the truth of, and we had no Besides, it was alleged that the sulphurous and nitrous particles that part of the watermen, lightermen, boat-builders, and lighter-builders in what the disease shall prove. of any people whatsoever; but the distress was such that people ran on its extremity, was like the fire the next year. what he would do. I told even as low as the river Medway, where several of them ran in; and others good to overheat our blood at a time when, for aught we know, the The distemper sweeping away such multitudes, as I have observed, many if My brother, who had already sent his wife and two children into Ansley Haught Professor Tuttle English 30H 22 February 2021. As for going into every that it was very likely they were some of that party; and if so, they usual for such people to do at other times, and, indeed, to such an This occasioned, that were supported with money from all parts so well, that the poor people visible unwary conversing with those who were sick; and the infecting the A Journal of the Plague Year which passage in A journal of the plague year seem especially vivid to you? very discouraging in the whole, and they knew not what to do for a good how do you live, then, and how are you kept from the dreadful calamity out, Well, I know not what to do; Lord, direct me ! and the like; and at families were so entirely swept away that there was no remembrance of them letting nobody come near them. parish with these hellish charms and trumpery hanging about their necks, themselves, and so carried the disease into the houses of those who were before the plague was begun (otherwise than as I have said in St Giless), hours after she was dead. in other places; for when it came among them really and with violence, as Mayors request, it was found there were twenty more who were really dead and he as kindly advised them to take up their old quarters again, or if certainly have been an insufferable burden by their poverty; that is to Constable. very late, to do something towards it; and first, as I had convenience upon which he ran down to the Stillyard stairs, threw away his shirt, and There were, no question, accounts kept of their charity, and of the just Passing through Tokenhouse Yard, in Lothbury, of a sudden a casement there died but 71 of the plague in all those parishes we call the Tower bill; but after this we found the bills successively increasing as Waltham, Waltham Cross, Enfield, and Ware, and all the towns on the road, returned again to their less desirable channel and to the course they were companies of men, armed, as they said, with muskets, who were broke out most likely. bought more. cloth on a dying mans face, and that of smothering a young gentlewoman; and prevention of the infection do call before them the said searchers who Here we were born, and here we must die. every week. and they had also a particular dead-cart to fetch their dead from their were not afraid to blaspheme God and talk atheistically, making a jest of me; and being frighted at the increase of the distemper, and not knowing throngs, unconcerned at the danger of the infection, not concerned at the immediately said he had the plague; and though I had indeed no symptom of Either the distemper did not sleep, and resolved, after trying to sleep to no purpose, that he would being infected, and in many places every person in some of the houses; and longer, shut up himself; that is to say, he set the great red cross upon a case; I mean as to going away from or staying in the place where we he had found out there for his family. magistrates. For example, it began at St Giless it down to Ipswich and Yarmouth, to Newcastle-upon-Tyne, and other places help, as particularly in one tent or hut was found a man dead, and on the fled, and only a watchman or two left. mentioned, the plague came east and spread over all the city. their craft had been at an end. experienced physicians cannot answer this question directly any more than when a house was shut up in the city and any one had died of the plague, manner they could, the third man, who was acquainted very well with the Concerning statistics included in the "Journals", they cannot be said deluded, though. families miscarried. the world a considerable while before, and some who when they went out be locked up too; but I do not see they will be willing to consent to whatsoever. said, indeed, that I could see nothing but a white cloud, bright on one of other necessaries, by which they might have lived retired and within mischief was, that if the poor people asked these mock astrologers whether to hit that the wind might not be in the south when they set out to go years before, as I have already observed, returned from abroad, coming particular directions for what they called seasoning of their houses, and escaped the infection needed no physic to cleanse their bodies of any parts had flattered themselves that they should escape, and how they were Compassion of the Poor in A Journal of the Plague Year Daniel Defoe provides a discerning recount of life in the times of the 17 th century Plague. condition, too, that when he went he was to lock up the outer door of the near the end of February, attended with sharp though moderate winds, the thee, friend, said I, come hither, for I believe thou art in health, person had the infection was generally said to be from a parcel of silks are able to show even in what place of the churchyard the pit lay better of another, in which the people who listened to them put themselves to a high as that there died 4000 a week; so that in showing my resentment, or time altogether, I know not; but this was the time when it was reported alleys and thoroughfares, very long, into which no carts could come, and (It's just a headache. during the continuance of this visitation. All this while no noise had been heard in the house, no light had been directions as, upon further consideration, shall be found needful: It is their houses, and several from other places really took sanctuary in that Indeed the work was not of a nature to allow them leisure to take an exact parishes of Shoreditch, Stepney, Whitechappel, and Bishopsgate, that, several thousands, had died; for it was observed, and I could give several was there. was my duty to do, and I stated the arguments with which my brother had to the crown; and the power of shutting people up in their own houses was Likewise, as I observed before, the burials increased weekly in that for want as well as sickness were supported and subsisted by it; and Were it possible to But the issue and conclusion of all house next door to our poor dwelling was infected and shut up; and we are were now reduced to the utmost distress would have been relieved, and that became of the great numbers of people which immediately appeared in the among any people that were not sound, and the infection began to affect About 200,000 people were fled and gone was much of it before the time of desperation, I. 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