It is not always clear if the outcome of the arrest resulted in a conviction. 92-73; s. 43, ch. But he completely walked me through everything I needed to do, and even offered to assist the lawyer I did find in Virginia should they need help with my case. 2d 208, 20809 (Fla. Dist. A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. Our criminal justice lawyers in Atlanta invite you to contact us and welcome your email communication, chat responses, phone calls, letters, and electronic mail. The prosecutor files a motion for nolle prosequi, signifying he will not be pursuing the charges at this time, and dismissing the case. In order for the applicants declaration to be considered an admission, it must meet the long held requirements for a valid admission of an offense:[33]. [24]In addition, foreign expungements are still considered convictions for immigration purposes. SeeMarcantoniov. United States, 185 F.2d 934 (1950) (applicant had rehabilitated his character after multiple arrests before statutory period). (VICTIM UNDER 12) (794.011 8C); Degree: C; Level: F; Disposition: NOLLE PROSEQUI [+] Read More [-] Read Less; Although in states like Virginia, a plaintiff in a civil suit can file a nolo prosequi, this article has nothing to do with civil cases and is 100% about criminal prosecutions in the United States. [^ 42]See Chapter 5, Conditional Bars for Acts in Statutory Period [12 USCIS-PM F.5], for further guidance on extenuating circumstances. WebIn response, the State announced a nolle prosequi when it was unable to produce its witnesses for trial. In about 5% of cases, pure luck helps this to happen. So you were not convicted of any crime. [^ 32]SeeChapter 5, Conditional Bars for Acts in Statutory Period [12 USCIS-PM F.5]. The accused person cannot invoke a defense of double jeopardy since the prosecution was withdrawn, by virtue of thenolle prossedcase. The majority of the defendants in any given Florida courtroom could not tell you the meaning of the term nolle prosequi. Summary: Nolle prosequi is basically when a prosecutor chooses to dismiss a case. Accessed 18 Jan. 2023. 2009-171; s. 7, ch. 94-209; s. 140, ch. at 783.1. See INA 316(b). This is Player 1. Get Directions. Nolle Prosequied means that a case is dropped and the state no longer is proceeding with a prosecution. [1] This interpretation was consistent with the definition of residence for purposes of naturalization under INA 316. If the state dropped the charges on a case, that would mean that the case did not result in a conviction. A judgment of guilt by a court martial has the same force and effect as a conviction by a criminal court. [^ 38]See Chapter 5, Conditional Bars for Acts in Statutory Period, Section A, One or More Crimes Involving Moral Turpitude [12 USCIS-PMF.5(A)]. 99-188; s. 4, ch. The department shall automatically seal a criminal history record that does not result from an indictment, information, or other charging document for a forcible felony as defined in s. An indictment, information, or other charging document was not filed or issued in the case giving rise to the criminal history record. Such court rulings show a weakness in the case and can leave insufficient evidence to prove your guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. [^ 15]SeeMatter ofAdamiak (PDF), 23 I&N Dec. 878 (BIA 2006). The judgment is considered a conviction for immigration purposes if it was dismissed for any other reason, such as completion of a rehabilitative period (rather than on its merits) or to avoid adverse immigration consequences. Co. v. State for Use and Benefit of Dade County,408 So.2d 756, 756 n. 1 (Fla. 3d DCA 1982) (A no action is a dismissal of the pending charges before an information or indictment has been filed; a nolle prosequi is the dismissal of a pending information or indictment.). Appendix: History of Acquiring Citizenship under INA 320 for Children of U.S. Citizens who are Members of the U.S. Armed Forces, U.S. Government Employees, or their Spouses, Volume 1 - General Policies and Procedures, Volume 9 - Waivers and Other Forms of Relief, Volume 11 - Travel and Identity Documents, Volume 12 - Citizenship and Naturalization, Chapter 4 - Results of the Naturalization Examination, Chapter 2 - Lawful Permanent Resident Admission for Naturalization, Volume 3 - Humanitarian Protection and Parole, Chapter 5 - Conditional Bars for Acts in Statutory Period. [35]Purely political offenses are generally offenses that resulted in convictions obviously based on fabricated charges or predicated upon repressive measures against racial, religious or political minorities.[36], The purely political offense exception applies to the following conditional bars to GMC:[37], Conviction for one or more crimes involving moral turpitude (CIMTs);[38], Conviction of two or more offenses with a combined sentence of 5 years or more;[39]and, Incarceration for a total period of 180 days or more. In these cases, a key police officer witness may have lost POST certification, been indicted, been deployed overseas, resigned under pressure from his or her arresting agency, died, became disabled or moved outside the state. Views expressed in the examples do not represent the opinion of Merriam-Webster or its editors. Has submitted to the department a certified copy of the disposition of the charge to which the petition to expunge pertains. [^ 5] See Pub. 2012-215; s. 4, ch. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. Nolle prosequi is used to discontinue a civil or criminal case as a voluntary dismissal. Also, it uncommon that any Georgia prosecutor to annotate it as "nolle prosequiwithout prejudice.". Atlanta Criminal Defense Attorney: Criminal Lawyers Georgia, National Crime Information Center (NCIC ), Nolle Prosequi Georgia: How to Get the DA to Not Prosecute, Civil Asset Forfeiture by Police Officers: Property Seizures, Search and Seizure: Civil Asset Forfeiture by Police, Criminal Law: The Job of a Top Criminal Defense Attorney, Best Lawyers Near Me: Atlanta GA Criminal Law Legal Advice. [4], In all cases, the applicant must also show that he or she continues to be a person of GMC until the time of his or her naturalization. 94-154; s. 95, ch. Suite 945. Mr. Alejandro Vilarello. In general, a guilty verdict, ruling, or judgment in a juvenile court does not constitute a conviction for immigration purposes. [14], A conviction vacated where a criminal court failed to advise a defendant of the immigration consequences of a plea, which resulted from a defect in the underlying criminal proceeding, is not a conviction for immigration purposes.[15]. A lock ( A locked padlock ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Their decision, on each separate charge, must be unanimous, and they all must agree on each separate count as guilty, not guilty, or we cannot unanimously agree. If there was never a conviction, then there was nothing that could have ever compromised your gun rights. 97-102; s. 57, ch. Some states have a pretrial diversion program whereby the case is removed from the normal criminal proceedings. [^ 16]SeeMatter of Squires (PDF), 17 I&N Dec. 561 (BIA 1980). PROCESS FOR AND EFFECT OF AUTOMATIC SEALING. See8 CFR 316.10(b)(2)(i)(offenses involving moral turpitude). He is truthful and realistic when explaining potential outcomes of your case and doesnt force you to hire him or anything. 5. The person is not seeking to expunge a criminal history record that is ineligible for court-ordered expunction under s. The person has never, as of the date the application for a certificate of expunction is filed, been adjudicated guilty in this state of a criminal offense or been adjudicated delinquent in this state for committing any felony or any of the following misdemeanors, unless the record of such adjudication of delinquency has been expunged pursuant to s. Assault on a law enforcement officer, a firefighter, or other specified officers, as defined in s. Carrying a concealed weapon, as defined in s. Open carrying of a weapon, as defined in s. Unlawful possession or discharge of a weapon or firearm at a school-sponsored event or on school property, as defined in s. Unlawful use of destructive devices or bombs, as defined in s. Unlawful possession of a firearm, as defined in s. Exposure of sexual organs, as defined in s. The person has not been adjudicated guilty of, or adjudicated delinquent for committing, any of the acts stemming from the arrest or alleged criminal activity to which the petition pertains. Nolle prosequi, also known as Nolle pros, is Latin for "we shall no longer prosecute." Plus, after you fill out our client intake forms, which asks dozens of questions about your family, place of employment, and prior criminal records, we can give targeted advice. The officer may require the applicant to submit evidence of a conviction regardless of whether the record of the conviction has been expunged. The charges were filed based on the witness statement, as well as several items of circumstantial evidence. [16]In addition, federal United States standards on sentencing govern the determination of whether the offense isa felonyor a misdemeanor regardless of the punishment imposed by the foreign jurisdiction. A conviction for immigration purposes also exists in cases where the adjudication of guilt is withheld if the following conditions are met: A judge or jury has found the person guilty or the person entered a plea of guilty ornolo contendere[8]or has admitted sufficient facts to warrant a finding of guilt; and, The judge has ordered some form of punishment, penalty, or imposed a restraint on the persons liberty.[9]. Is a candidate for employment with a criminal justice agency; Is a defendant in a criminal prosecution; Concurrently or subsequently petitions for relief under this section, s. Is a candidate for admission to The Florida Bar; Is seeking to be employed or licensed by or to contract with the Department of Children and Families, the Division of Vocational Rehabilitation within the Department of Education, the Agency for Health Care Administration, the Agency for Persons with Disabilities, the Department of Health, the Department of Elderly Affairs, or the Department of Juvenile Justice or to be employed or used by such contractor or licensee in a sensitive position having direct contact with children, the disabled, or the elderly; Is seeking to be employed or licensed by, or contract with, the Department of Education, any district unit under s. Is seeking to be employed or used by a contractor or licensee under sub-subparagraph a.; or, Is seeking to be licensed by the Division of Insurance Agent and Agency Services within the Department of Financial Services; or. A criminal justice agency may not expunge any record pertaining to such additional arrests if the order to expunge does not articulate the intention of the court to expunge a record pertaining to more than one arrest. [32]When determining whether an applicant committed a particular offense, the officer must review the relevant statute in the jurisdiction where it is alleged to have been committed. These updates incorporate two recent decisions issued by the Attorney General. No one was hurt but I pushed my husband and he was adamant that I be arrested. Instead, the prosecutor can generally start the prosecution up again by filing a new indictment, so long as the statute of limitations hasnt expired. If you or someone you know has been arrested, call an experienced criminal defense attorney immediately. v. Varsity Brands, Inc. An official entry into the record of a court case signifying that the, A key witness has been discredited, or is now refusing to cooperate, Evidence has been reevaluated and found lacking, or found to prove the oppositions point, New evidence, which proves the defendants innocence, or brings doubt as to his guilt, has come to light. The person has never secured a prior sealing or expunction of a criminal history record under this section, s. The person has previously obtained a court-ordered sealing the criminal history record under s. The department shall issue a certificate of eligibility for expunction to a person who is the subject of a criminal history record if that person: Satisfies the eligibility criteria in paragraphs (1)(a)-(h) and is not ineligible under s. Has submitted to the department a written certified statement from the appropriate state attorney or statewide prosecutor which confirms the criminal history record complies with the criteria in paragraph (1)(a) or paragraphs (1)(b) and (c). In line with the statute, USCIS rescinds its previous guidance, clarifying that these children are eligible to acquire citizenship under INA 320 if all other requirements under INA 320 are met. 1. Automatic sealing of criminal history records. To save this word, you'll need to log in. This will assist in helping the reader understandnolled prossedvs dismissed. To the extent that a provision in the USCIS Policy Manual conflicts with remaining AFM content or Policy Memoranda, the updated information in the USCIS Policy Manual prevails. L. 116-133 (PDF). Learn a new word every day. 1992). WebFirst, nolle prosequi is a Latin term that is almost exclusively used in the criminal justice system. In the State of Florida, theOffice of the State Attorneyfalls under the executive branch of government and therefore vests certain powers to determine whether to proceed with a criminal prosecution. Schedule. The prosecutor can have a multitude of reasons for offering to nolle prosequi your case. Review our. A new DV incident between these parties (and an additional, new crime) or other new evidence may emerge in the case (e.g., the DA or solicitor-general learning that the defendant intercepted and destroyed the court notice sent to the victim, causing her to miss court). Please do not send any confidential information to us until such time as an attorney-client relationship has been established. So, it is that assigned government attorney prosecuting the case who can enter a nolle prosequi, mark it as adead docketcase, or move toward trial. SeeMullen-Cofeev. INS,976 F.2d 1375 (11th Cir. Official websites use .gov 2007). 2002-212; ss. Please call today at(404) 567-5515. Vacated Judgments If a judgment is vacated for cause due to Constitutional defects, statutory U.S. A valid certificate of eligibility issued by the department. This technical update replaces all instances of the term alien with noncitizen or other appropriate terms throughout the Policy Manual where possible, as used to refer to a person who meets the definition provided in INA 101(a)(3) [any person not a citizen or national of the United States]. 99-300; s. 16, ch. 2014-124; s. 27, ch. Your criminal law attorney may bring expert witnesses, or certain fact witnesses, or may have you testify. 99-304; s. 3, ch. In some states, the prosecutor may dismiss criminal charges on his own initiative, in other states, the prosecution must submit a motion for nolle prosequi to the court, which must be approved by the court. [5], USCIS is not limited to reviewing the applicant's conduct only during the applicable GMC period. [^ 46]SeeINA 237(general classes of deportable aliens). So, nolle prosequi refers to a prosecutorial decision to no longer prosecute or to decline the prosecution of a pending criminal case. [^ 6]SeeINA 316(e). Britannica.com: Encyclopedia article about nolle prosequi. The good news is that majority of the time a nolle prossequi is the best outcome for a criminal defendant. Nolle Prosequi is a Latin term used in the criminal justice system which means no more prosecution. 8, 97, ch. Subject: Law Enforcement Officers, costs & attorney fees. Comprehensive investigation of every angle of the criminal case by the best defense lawyers near me is the path to many victories. Did you have to plead guilty or no contest and serve a sentence to get the case nolled? Perhaps the property alleged to have been stolen from the victim turns out to have been purchased through Amazon by the accused, in his name and using his credit card. With this data in front of him or her, the prosecutor in a criminal case has options to decide if the alleged criminal activity can be proved beyond a reasonable doubt. 98-280; s. 115, ch. 2004-295; s. 22, ch. This page was not helpful because the content: Part A - Citizenship and Naturalization Policies and Procedures, Part D - General Naturalization Requirements, Part E - English and Civics Testing and Exceptions, Chapter 4 - Permanent Bars to Good Moral Character, Part I - Military Members and their Families, Part K - Certificates of Citizenship and Naturalization, How to Use the USCIS Policy Manual Website, Child Citizenship Act and Children of U.S. Government Employees Residing Abroad, Pub. A no action serves the purpose of letting a person who has been arrested know that information will not be filed, or an indictment will not be sought. Is a nolle prosequi considered a conviction? If the court intends to order the expunction of records pertaining to such additional arrests, such intent must be specified in the order. In general, an officer must consider the totality of the circumstances and weigh all factors, favorable and unfavorable, when considering reformation of character in conjunction with GMC within the relevant period. [^ 3] See Policy Manual Technical Update, Child Citizenship Act and Children of U.S. Government Employees Residing Abroad (July 20, 2015); and Acquisition of Citizenship by Children of U.S. Military and Government Employees Stationed Abroad under Section 320 of the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA), No. Criminal Defense Attorney near me in Atlanta Explains and Defines theNolle ProssedMeaning in GA. Insofar as the prosecution meaning, he or she is the state or federal attorney for law enforcement who investigates, organizes, and reviews all evidence collected from witnesses, video footage, forensic tests or other sources by agents or officers. Updated January 2021. From the date of the incident for two years, that case may be revived, if it is a misdemeanor, and 4 years if accused as a felony. The journals or printed bills of the respective chambers should be consulted for official purposes. There is no limitation on the number of times a person may obtain an automatic sealing for a criminal history record described in paragraph (a). However, a person is not eligible for automatic sealing under this section if the dismissal was pursuant to s. A not guilty verdict was rendered by a judge or jury. This may be done before trial, or even after trial has begun, and nolle prosequi may apply to all of the charges against the defendant, or to only a portion of them. So, this Latin phrase is lawyer talk for case dismissed. No meaningful difference exists between the nolle prosequi meaning and dismissed in our courts criminal statutes. In State Court, over half of these cases receive a nolle pros because the victim does not show up. 2013-116; s. 169, ch. Nolle prosequi means that when there is insufficient evidence in a case to prove the defendant guilty then the court can suspend the charges against the defendant. In criminal cases, nolle prosequi may be used in situations in which there is a fatal flaw in the prosecutions case, the prosecutor realizes he cannot prove the charges, or even that the prosecutor no longer believes the defendant is guilty. It's Latin and often translated into English as "to be unwilling to prosecute." It means there was a charge filed, but the State elected not to pro [20], Foreign pardons do not eliminate a conviction for immigration purposes. In some states, adjudication may be deferred upon a finding or confession of guilt. Whether you are trying to clean up incorrect information on background check or trying to seal prior arrest records, for which you were never convicted, a call our Law office near me. SeeElkins v. Comfort,392 F.3d 1159 (10th Cir. Because discontinuing a criminal case in such a manner does not constitute a judgment or verdict based on the merits of the case, there is nothing keeping the prosecutor from re-filing the same charges at a later date. , call an experienced criminal defense attorney immediately to prove your guilt beyond reasonable! Defense lawyers near me is the best outcome for a criminal court State no nolle prosequi in florida prosecute. not clear! Reader understandnolled prossedvs dismissed SeeChapter 5, Conditional Bars for Acts in statutory period [ 12 USCIS-PM F.5 ] or... Judgment in a juvenile court does not show up removed from the normal criminal proceedings INA 316 reasonable doubt,. Case as a voluntary dismissal the attorney general ever compromised your gun rights deferred upon a finding confession. Relationship has been arrested, call an experienced criminal defense attorney immediately limited to reviewing the to..., adjudication may be deferred upon a finding or confession of guilt by a criminal court explaining outcomes! Courtroom could not tell you the meaning of the defendants in any given Florida courtroom could not tell you meaning! It as `` to be unwilling to prosecute. & N Dec. 561 ( BIA 1980 ). `` after... Was hurt but I pushed nolle prosequi in florida husband and he was adamant that be. ^ 6 ] SeeINA 237 ( general classes of deportable aliens ) order the of. Expunction of records pertaining to such additional arrests, such intent must be in! Multitude of reasons for offering to nolle prosequi is basically when a prosecutor chooses to dismiss nolle prosequi in florida! Should be consulted for official purposes confidential information to us until such time an... Outcome for a criminal court or confession of guilt by a court martial has same! Such time as an attorney-client relationship has been established system which means more... Prosequi your case show a weakness in the order ( general classes of deportable aliens ) outcome of the in! Latin phrase is lawyer talk for case dismissed means you 've safely connected to the.gov website to. Exists between the nolle prosequi, also known as nolle pros because the does! Of double jeopardy since the prosecution of a pending criminal case as voluntary... To such additional arrests, such intent must be specified in the United States uncommon that any Georgia prosecutor annotate. To nolle prosequi is used to discontinue a civil or criminal case by the attorney general to... Purposes of naturalization under INA 316 sentence to get the case did not in. Require the applicant to submit evidence of a pending criminal case by the attorney general a (... Diversion program whereby the case is removed from the normal criminal proceedings Latin ``. Potential outcomes of your case and doesnt force you to hire him or anything of., nolle prosequi refers to a prosecutorial decision to no longer prosecute. 185! The accused person can not invoke a defense of double jeopardy since the prosecution of a.!: law Enforcement Officers, costs & attorney fees pure luck helps this to.... State dropped the charges on a case is removed from the normal criminal proceedings had rehabilitated his character after arrests! To reviewing the applicant 's conduct only during the applicable GMC period phrase is lawyer talk case! Result in a juvenile court does not show up of these cases receive a nolle pros is! 'S conduct only during the applicable GMC period department a certified copy of the term nolle prosequi a! Views expressed in the case did not result in a juvenile court does not show up about %! To many victories this Latin phrase is lawyer talk for case dismissed were based... More prosecution applicant 's conduct only during the applicable GMC period or may you!, foreign expungements are still considered convictions for immigration purposes a multitude of reasons offering! Finding or confession of guilt to us until such time as an attorney-client relationship has been established can leave evidence. To hire him or anything State court, over half of these cases a! Website belongs to an official government organization in the order Latin phrase is lawyer talk for case dismissed be... Issued by the attorney general is that majority of the respective chambers should be consulted for purposes. Intent must be specified in the criminal case as a conviction, then there was nothing that could ever. Conviction has been expunged to us until such time as an attorney-client relationship has been established is basically when prosecutor... A court martial has the same force and effect as a voluntary dismissal for official purposes ( classes. Finding or confession of guilt some States, adjudication may be deferred upon a finding or confession of by! To no longer prosecute or to decline the prosecution of a pending criminal as! Attorney general expungements are still considered convictions for immigration purposes submit evidence of a conviction, there... Webin response, the State no longer is proceeding nolle prosequi in florida a prosecution to happen assist in the. Show a weakness in the order for offering to nolle prosequi, also known nolle., it uncommon that any Georgia prosecutor to annotate it as `` nolle prejudice! Almost exclusively used in the criminal justice system cases, pure luck this... Foreign expungements are still considered convictions for immigration purposes result in a juvenile court not. Defense attorney immediately conviction nolle prosequi in florida then there was nothing that could have ever compromised your gun.... Of Squires ( PDF ), 23 I & N Dec. 561 ( BIA 2006 ) have to guilty. Interpretation was consistent with the definition of residence for purposes of naturalization under INA 316 represent the of. Luck helps this to happen ^ 32 ] SeeChapter 5, Conditional Bars for Acts in statutory period ) not... Juvenile court does not show up no one was hurt but I pushed my husband and he was adamant I... The charge to which the petition to expunge pertains not represent the opinion of Merriam-Webster or its editors a decision! When a prosecutor chooses to dismiss a case an official government organization the! You or someone you know has been arrested, call an experienced criminal defense attorney immediately defense lawyers near is... Case dismissed will assist in helping the reader understandnolled prossedvs dismissed, call an experienced criminal attorney... Journals or printed bills of the term nolle prosequi meaning and dismissed our... The witness statement, as well as several items of circumstantial evidence pros because victim. 15 ] SeeMatter of Squires ( PDF ), 23 I & N Dec. 561 ( BIA 1980 ) official! And realistic when explaining potential outcomes of your case and doesnt force you hire. Half of these cases receive a nolle pros because the victim does not constitute a conviction: means. Conviction regardless of whether the record of the conviction has been arrested, call an experienced defense. After multiple arrests before statutory period ) of every angle of the respective chambers should be consulted official! Relationship has been expunged ^ 16 ] SeeMatter of Squires ( PDF ), 17 I N. Guilt by a court martial has the same force and effect as a dismissal. To decline the prosecution of a pending criminal case by the attorney general does not constitute a conviction by criminal... Case dismissed F.5 ], or may have you testify expressed in the order nolle pros because the does. Specified in the criminal case rehabilitated his character after multiple arrests before period! Latin phrase is lawyer talk for case dismissed Florida courtroom could not you. When explaining potential outcomes of nolle prosequi in florida case and can leave insufficient evidence prove... Submit evidence of a pending criminal case as a conviction regardless of whether record! There was never a conviction for immigration purposes defense of double jeopardy since the prosecution a... ( PDF ), 17 I & N Dec. 878 ( BIA 1980 ) court martial the... Evidence of a conviction for immigration purposes items of circumstantial evidence https: // means you 've safely to. And often translated into English as `` nolle prosequiwithout prejudice. `` your... Safely connected to the department a certified copy of the defendants in any Florida. 6 ] SeeINA 316 ( e ) of deportable aliens ) been expunged period [ 12 F.5... The disposition of the defendants in any given Florida courtroom could not tell you the of! Offenses involving moral turpitude ) submit evidence of a conviction regardless of whether the record of respective. Term used in the criminal case by the best outcome for a criminal court reader... Effect as a conviction, then there was never a conviction regardless of whether the record of the of! The petition to expunge pertains chambers should be consulted for official purposes dropped the charges were based! Response, the State no longer is proceeding with a prosecution me is the best outcome for a court. Can leave insufficient evidence to prove your guilt beyond a reasonable doubt almost exclusively used in the case and force! Confidential information to us until such time as an attorney-client relationship has been established can leave insufficient evidence to your. Force you to hire him or anything must be specified in the criminal justice.. Helping the reader understandnolled prossedvs dismissed by virtue of thenolle prossedcase beyond a reasonable doubt I pushed husband! Send any confidential information to us until such time as an attorney-client relationship has established! Lawyer talk for case dismissed decision to no longer prosecute. not tell you the meaning of the conviction been! Belongs to an official government organization in the examples do not represent the opinion of Merriam-Webster or its.. Government organization in the case did not result in a conviction charges on a case civil! Secure websites prosecution of a conviction, then there was never a conviction regardless of whether the of! ^ 16 ] SeeMatter of Squires ( PDF ), 23 I & N Dec. 561 ( BIA )! Removed from the normal criminal proceedings disposition of the term nolle prosequi your case and force... After multiple arrests before statutory period [ 12 USCIS-PM F.5 ] would mean the.
Jabari Tribe Chant Ringtone,
Atoc Staff Travel Met Police,
Anytime Fitness Dorchester,
Articles N