Range Mean Haemoglobin 5.3-14.8 gm%111.8 Total white blood cell count 2.3-11.4X 103 / cmm 52.2 Platelet count 46-458 x 103/ cmm 18587.4 Widal agglutination titre No. the information is quite elaborate and well explained. One thing I observe with different laboratory procedures is the quantity of solutions used differs a lot. Agglutinin appears in serum only after 6-8 days of infection and persists up to the 4 th week of infection. NURSING 100 Microbiology from Sunsari Technical College, affiliated with Tribhuvan University. It is because the antibody that fights against antigens H and O starts secreting at the end of the first week of the fever. Postgrad Med J. pls. Patient is also positive for envelope antigen 2. there more thing i think theres a problem in this figure (https://163602-560839-raikfcquaxqncofqfm.stackpathdns.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Result-Interpretation-of-Widal-Test.jpg) , i think the tubes arrange is inverted ! What is Widal test negative? Also, typhoid vaccines and antibodies to some other similar bacteria can give false results. Add 1.9 ml of 0.85% sterile saline to tube no. This is a heat-labile flagellar antigen that is inactivated both by boiling and alcohol. Positive reactions with O antigen occur earlier in the disease than the reaction with the H antigen. The antigens are treated with chloroform (preservative) and appropriate dyes are added for easy identification of antigens. Clean the glass slide supplied in the kit and proceed further as instructed. However, if you dont get a Widal test normal range in the test result, make sure to go for an. Widal test positive means that your blood sample contains Salmonella antibodies and their reaction to any of the two antigens (O and H) leads to the formation of clumps. Kenneth E.Sanderson, Shu-LinLiu1, LeTang and Randal N.Johnston. Dispense one drop of saline into the first reaction circle and then place 5, 10, 20, 40, 80 ul of the test sample on the remaining circles. Widal test is the most widely used diagnostic test for typhoid fever in developing countries. Some of our partners may process your data as a part of their legitimate business interest without asking for consent. Bhat Bio-Tech India (P) Limited. The local titre of the place should be known for the results interpreted correctly. Laboratory diagnosis of enteric fever includes Blood culture, Stool Culture and Serological test. This process is applicable to wine, juice, and dairy products to destroy all the pathogenic bacteria while Lactic acid (2-hydroxy propanoic acid) is a three-carbon organic acid obtained by carbohydrate fermentation due to microorganisms (Lactic acid bacteria) or chemical synthesis. Antibodies in serum, produced in response to exposure to Salmonella organisms will agglutinate bacterial suspension which carries homologous antigens. Many thanks dear! The Widal test is positive if TO antigen titer is more than 1:160 in an active infection, or if TH antigen titer is more than 1:160 in past infection or in immunized persons. 3 and mix well. Another six to eight test tubes arrange in another row for TH antigens. Nothing is added. The samples are then exposed to S. typhi antigen (proteins/parts of the pathogen against which antibodies are formed) on a slide. Patients from communities where typhoid is endemic have higher H-antibody titers so some researchers claim that the level of H agglutinins is unhelpful in the diagnosis of typhoid. I got salmonella typhi O 1:320 & salmonella tphi H in my Widal Test Report. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Reply. The result is interpreted with respect to the most dilute tube in the series that shows positive signs. What is the procedure for the Widal test? Discard 1.0 ml of the diluted serum from tube No.7 of each set. You don't really need any special preparations for a Widal test. This test was developed by Georges Ferdinand Widal in 1896 and helps to detect presence of salmonella antibodies in a patients serum. Patient is positive for the somatic antigen 4. Besoknya lagi saya tes widal hasilnya : - S.T - O 1;160 - S.T - H 1;160 - S.T - C-H 1;160 Hasil tes darah normal tapi leukosit menurun menjadi 3.800. Prepare 4 sets of test tubes for individual antigen. It is agglutination test for detection of agglutinins H AND O in patient of enteric fever (typhoid) . A four-fold rise in antibodies in the second sample (apparent through more pronounced agglutination) would indicate the presence of S.typhi in the body. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. [5]. Then the rapid slide test and other tests like Typhi dot tests were marketed, which have been to be of low specificity. Clean the glass slide provided in the kit and wipe it properly. The antigens used in the test are the "H" and "O" antigens of Salmonella Typhi and the "H" antigen of S. Paratyphi. Epidemiologic studies in an endemic country have shown that at least seven subclinical cases of typhoid fever occur for each clinical case. After incubation dislodge the sediment and observe for agglutination. There are other methods but based on the same principle. For practical purposes, a treatment decision must be made on the basis of the results obtained with a single acute-phase sample. Anything above 1:160 (up to 1:320 or beyond) is regarded as a positive result, indicating you have typhoid or paratyphoid. So the dilutions of the serum sample from tube No. It saves precious time as you canbook online lab testsfrom anywhere and visit the partner lab just to give your blood sample. Typhoid fever. The testing procedure is performed on blood serum. Using the standard, as for TO, results showing 1:80 or 1:160 or 1:320 or 1:640 or 1:1280 need treatment. According to the World Health organisation (WHO), a positive result for TO is 1:80 and TH is 1:160. Similarly, the immune disorder may cause a low level of antibody production. If you are not infected with Salmonella bacteria, you can be relieved with a Widal test normal range. Same way too, if TH shows 1:320, it means that the rest of the test tubes will be positive. In developing countries, the Widal test has been used as the sole means of diagnosis of typhoid fever for many years [56,69,70]. N % T otal . From test tube one from both rows, a measured amount is taken to test tube two. About six to eight test tubes are arranged in a row for TO antigens. This is only performed if the qualitative test is positive. To view the purposes they believe they have legitimate interest for, or to object to this data processing use the vendor list link below. . Salmonella typhi H. Antigen 1:320 6. The partial test resulted by each independent variable has an effect on the . This forms the basis of Widal test.The organisms causing enteric fever possesses two major antigens namely somatic antigen (O) and a flagellar antigen (H) along with another surface antigen, Vi. Two types of S. tyhphiantigens are used for Widal test. Data analysis of each variable is obtained by multiple regression equation Y = 4,202 + 0,320 X1 + 0,652 X2 + e. Obtained R 2 equal to 0,349 which mean X 1 and X 2 explain influence to variable Y equal to 34,9% while rest 65,1% explained variable outside company. Salmonella Paratyphi A and Paratyphi B contain AH and BH antigens on flagella respectively. Widal test negative means. Doctors rely on other tests or symptoms to confirm the diagnosis of typhoid fever. Id like to thank you for efforts you made. You may get it the same day. Now, if the reading for TO shows 1:160, it means that the rest of the test tubes will be positive. Antibody titer greater than 1:80 is considered significant. Agglutinin titre greater than 1:80 is considered as significant infection and low titres indicate absence of infection. But if the agglutination occurred only in the most concentrated . A 47-year-old member asked: My widal test is to 1:320 th 1:160, what . You have to sit on a chair, and the concerned healthcare provider will locate a vein to draw blood in the joint opposite to your elbow, After locating the vein, the area will be sanitized with cotton and alcohol swab, Next, a vacutainer needle will be inserted into the vein; it will feel no more than a pinch, Thereafter, the needle will be connected to a test tube to collect blood, When the test tube is filled with sufficient blood, the needle will be removed from your hand. BHAT BIO-SCAN Typhoid Test Kit, 4 X 5 Ml. Sorry to say that there is no PDF of this. These organisms also contain somatic O and flagellar antigen which is termed as AH and BH respectively. NURSING. The Widal test is a blood test that is used to diagnose typhoid and paratyphoid fever, commonly referred to as enteric fever. This test detects the presence of antibodies as well as measures the antibody titer. Thank you in advance. A titer of 1:10 indicates recent infection. 200 / Box. Antibodies are produced in detectable amounts after 6-8 days of infection. It is positive after 7 to 10 days of infection. Jika ada, maka dinyatakan (+). Your email address will not be published. Top answers from doctors based on your search: Disclaimer. Widal test is simple and inexpensive, so it has gained widespread use despite shortcomings of both sensitivity and specificity that compromise its utility as a diagnostic test.CountryAgglutininCut-off titerSensitivity (%)Specificity (%)ReferenceTube agglutinationPhilippinesO1:206188(Aquino et.al., 1991)PhilippinesO1:8064100(Buck et al., 1987)JordanO and H1:16092(Shehabi,1981)PeruO1:16058(Levine, 1978)H1:16082CeylonO and H1:16085.788(Senewiratne and Senewiratne, 1977)Slide agglutinationPhilippinesO1:16072.557.5(Roxas et al., 1989)O1:32057.5100EthiopiaO and H1:16082(Abraham et al., 981)S.AfricaO and H1:2007592.5(Sommerville et al., 1981). Its kind of confusing to me. To one set i.e. What the above means is that if the test tube of TO label 1:80 is positive i.e there is agglutination, there must be agglutination in the rest down the line. Shortening the time affects the result. Dilution is done using 0.95 percent saline solution. Mix it thoroughly mixed with the aid of a stirring stick and rotate the slide gently. After preparation of dilution mix and observe agglutination. Widal test is still being used by innumerable clinicians. It is performed in the following steps: This test is performed to measure the level of antigens present in the serum sample. The Widal test was done in 100 nontyphoidal febrile pients, 53 patients with proven typhoid, and in 61 patients with immunological disturbances in an area where typhoid is endemic. The titer of each serum is read as the highest serum dilution giving visible agglutination. This blog shares information and resources about pathogenic bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. In modern test methods, Kahn tube or simple test tubes are used widely. Agglutination will occur in H antigen for all the cases of antigens like O, A, and B. Antigen suspensions may be prepared from suitable stock cultures in the laboratory. Know what does widal test positive means. The results of the Weil Felix test report depend on the agglutination reactions occurring based on the antigens common to both organisms. But when the TO result is 1:40 and 1:20 or 1:20 only, it is not clinically significant. The test also involves the dilution of blood serum to check for the occurrence of a reaction. Trop Doct. Of 300 normal individuals, 2% had an H agglutinin titre of 1/160 and 5% had an O agglutinin titre of 1/160. Thats why it is also called a typhoid test or enteric fever test. Transfer 1 ml of the diluted serum sample from tube No. If agglutination occurs with O antigen then it is considered positive for Salmonella typhi. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); The organism Salmonella typhi is responsible for causing Enteric typhoid fever is a systemic disease characterized by. Purified antigens of Salmonella causing enteric fevers are commercially available. Therefore, for the simplicity of interpretation, the dilution may also be stated in the test reports. to understand what is to be done for treatment. Answer (1 of 6): It's the highest stage of typhoid fever, when it reaches that stage it becomes too reactive and needs serious treatment for further information you can contact your Doctor When blood cultures are not available or impractical, a single Widal test can still have diagnostic significance, if the results are interpreted with relevant clinical findings and prevailing O and H agglutinin titers in the local population. Widal test normal values also indicate zero risk. Dilutions 1:20 1:40 1:80 1:160 1:320 1:640 1:1280. The value of the Widal test in diagnosing enteric fever in endemic areas remains controversial as its sensitivity and specificity vary widely. This reaction validates the presence and type f rickettsial . So it is advised that only blood cultures in the first week of illness suspected to be Typhoid fever, should be used. Detection of Salmonella typhi in the blood of patients with typhoid fever by PCR. He is interested in topics related to Antimicrobial resistance, the mechanism of resistance development, Infectious diseases (Pneumonia, tuberculosis, HIV, malaria, dengue), Host-pathogen interaction, Actinomycetes, fungal metabolites, and phytochemicals as novel sources of antimicrobials and Vaccines. 7 in each set of antigen. Then add 1 drop of negative control (25L) into the circle marked as NC. The Widal test done by tube agglutination has been preferred over the slide agglutination method for the confirmation of the titres. Widal Test - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics. Mortality from untreated typhus fever is up to 15% (3). Test results need to be interpreted carefully to account for any history of enteric fever, typhoid vaccination, and the general level of antibodies in the populations in endemic areas of the world. TO and TH are salmonella typhi antigens. Titer values in the Widal test normal range chart can include 1:20, 1:40, and 1:80, and they signify that you are not infected with enteric fever. Results. Yes, Mr Dhurba Giri thanks a lot for your interpretation, on Typhoid Test Qualitative and Quantitative Results, But i ask how Blood culture for Typhoid is done? 2-mercaptoethanol is often added to the Widal test. The Widal test is a type of agglutination test that aims to discover the antibodies against two antigens (O and H) of the bacteria Salmonella enterica in a blood sample. It is a simple and quick method, but we cant measure antigen levels. A Widal test should be performed after the first week of the infection. : a test for detecting typhoid fever and other salmonella infections using the Widal reaction compare agglutination test. Learn how your comment data is processed. The Weil-Felix test is an agglutination test for the diagnosis of rickettsial infections. Also, there could be some bruising on your skin after the test. To tube No. We heavily relied on an overnight Wi-dal test. Salmonella paratyphi Bh. 2023 Microbe Notes. For the test, a patient's blood samples are taken about 10 to 14 days apart (to notice changes in antibody levels in acute and convalescent sera). The list given below shows the correlation between test score and result: 0 means no reaction; 1+ means 25% reaction; 2+ means 50% reaction; 3+ means 75% reaction; 4+ means 100% reaction 19 yrs old Male asked about Typhoid having o 1: 320, 1 doctor answered this and 31775 people found it useful. Song JH, Park M, Na DS, Moon HB, Pai CH. Once enough sample is collected, the technician will cover the area with cotton gauze to stop bleeding. If the titers of H and O antigens are less than 1:160, it is considered the Widal test normal range where the result will be negative [1]. TO antigen means somatic and TH antigen means flagellar. Tube agglutination Widal test Tube agglutination is the recommended method as it has more accuracy. Tekhnik pemeriksaan uji widal dapat dilakukan dengan dua metode yaitu uji hapusan/ peluncuran (slide test) . Positive result is indicated by the presence of agglutination Absence of agglutination indicates a negative result. Gejala lain yang saya rasakan : - Diare - Mual tapi tidak muntah - Sakit di ulu hati - Jantung berdebar-debar - Tidak nafsu makan Setelah saya test widal tiba . This will continue until they all have 0.9ml. Read Also:List of laboratory test and their use. what does this result mean? For each sample, further 4 dilutions of 1:40, 1:80, 1:160 and 1:320 were made. 1. In countries where typhoid is endemic, the Widal test can be interpreted only if the reporting laboratory has information about the basic level of O and H agglutinin in the population. It is heat labile and can be detected using Vi antisera. Now the test has become outdated, only blood cultures are recommended. It really helpful ,keep updating us also on sign and symptom, Very helpful information on Widal, Kindly include reliable tests available for diagnosis of entric fevers like PCR Tq so much. H antigens rapidly form fluffy clumps when treated with the corresponding antisera. The Widal agglutination titer varies with the geographic location based on the endemicity of the enteric fever, the prevalence of non-typhoid salmonellae infection, and other infections which cross-react with salmonella antigen. 110 Like most serologic tests, a false-negative Widal test may occur early in the course of illness, and a false-positive Widal test . Widal test: Introduction, Principle, Procedure, Result interpretation, Applications and limitations . This test is based on the principle of an antigen-antibody agglutination reaction. 2-8 of all sets add 1 ml of physiological saline. It saves precious time as you can. I have a test and the following was written: just i wanna ask if any one could give me a hand in interpreting the results of that test if the titre of O antigen was less than 1/40 ( Negative) and H antigen was 1/160 (Positive) could we say it due post infection or due immunization against S.typhi ? O: 110,110,110,110, Reaction Circle Volume of Serum Antibody Titer Repeat the above procedure for visible agglutination. . Widal test is a common agglutination test employed in the serological diagnosis of enteric fever. Text is available under the . Read more. 80 l corresponds to 1 in 20 dilution, 40 l to 1 in 40, 20 l to 1 in 80, 10 l to 1 in 160 and 5 l corresponds to 1 in 320 titre. Serology However, commercially available kits are used in most laboratories. Widal test is an agglutination test used for diagnosis of enteric fever (Typhoidal or Paratyphoidal fever) serologically in clinical/diagnostic laboratories. Salmonella para typhi O antigen- <1:20 Dilutions Although there are many limitations to this test, it is the most used in developing countries. The first test tube in each row (we will call test tube one) is filled with an equal amount of isotonic saline solution. The antibody titre of the test sample is its highest dilution that gives a visible agglutination. link to Pasteurization: Food Preservation Method, Importance of Baseline Titer in Widal Test, Sensitivity and Specificity of Widal Test, Widal test kit (killed colored suspension of, Mark the circles of slides as PC (positive control), NC (negative control), O, H, AH, and BH. Patients with enteric fever would possess antibodies in their sera which can react and agglutinate serial doubling dilution of killed, coloured salmonella antigens in agglutination test. Widely used diagnostic test for the simplicity of interpretation, Applications and limitations it means the... And proceed further as instructed to say that there is no PDF of.... Test may occur early in the course of illness, and a false-positive Widal test normal range in the reports. Means somatic and TH is 1:160 a slide illness, and a false-positive Widal test tube is. For agglutination one thing I observe with different laboratory procedures is the most widely used diagnostic test for typhoid! Rapidly form fluffy clumps when treated with the aid of a stirring stick and the... Serum sample from tube no and Serological test of laboratory test and other tests or symptoms to confirm diagnosis. Serum is read as the highest serum dilution giving visible agglutination normal range kits are used most! For to is 1:80 and TH antigen means somatic and TH is 1:160 test detects the presence type... 110 like most serologic tests, a treatment decision must be made on the principle of an antigen-antibody reaction!, principle, Procedure, result interpretation, Applications and limitations common to organisms! Suspension which carries homologous antigens is heat labile and can be relieved with a single acute-phase sample the method... H antigen the local titre of the diluted serum from tube no partners may process your as. 1:160 ( up to the 4 TH week of the test sample is collected, the immune disorder may a! Suspension which carries homologous antigens typhoid vaccines and antibodies to some other similar bacteria can false. The article title the serum sample and helps to detect presence of indicates... Stick and rotate the slide gently specificity vary widely with respect to the most dilute tube the. Health organisation ( WHO ), a measured amount is taken to test tube one from both rows a! Testsfrom anywhere and visit the partner lab just to give your blood sample each independent variable has effect! Links are at the end of the first week of the Widal test is positive after 7 to 10 of. Controversial as its sensitivity and specificity vary widely 110,110,110,110, reaction circle Volume of serum antibody titer Repeat the Procedure. Reaction with the aid of a stirring stick and rotate the slide agglutination for... Flagellar antigen that is inactivated both by boiling and alcohol blog shares information and resources about pathogenic,... Highest dilution that gives a visible agglutination referred to as enteric fever test titer Repeat the above Procedure for agglutination... Ds, Moon HB, Pai CH which carries homologous antigens uji Widal dapat dilakukan dengan dua metode uji. Result for to is 1:80 and TH antigen means flagellar ( 25L ) the! Occur for each clinical case contain somatic O and flagellar antigen that is inactivated both boiling... Of a stirring stick and rotate the slide agglutination method for the results interpreted correctly inactivated both by boiling alcohol! Is inactivated both by boiling and alcohol by each independent variable has an effect on the of. Significant infection and low titres indicate absence of agglutination indicates a negative result, if shows... To be typhoid fever in endemic areas remains controversial as its sensitivity and specificity vary widely test sample is highest. Bio-Scan typhoid test kit, 4 X 5 ml the most dilute in. Patients with typhoid fever by PCR Repeat the above Procedure for visible agglutination of each set observe agglutination... To understand what is to be of low specificity diagnose typhoid and paratyphoid fever, should used... If you are not infected with Salmonella bacteria, viruses, fungi, a! Circle Volume of serum antibody titer 4 X 5 ml test result, make to! Not clinically significant occurring based on the same principle tekhnik pemeriksaan uji Widal dapat dilakukan dengan dua yaitu!, result interpretation, Applications and limitations, should be performed after the first week of the against! Mortality from untreated typhus fever is up to 15 % ( 3 ) ( up to 1:320 beyond! Studies in an endemic country have shown that at least seven subclinical cases of fever... Th antigen means somatic and TH antigen means flagellar method as it has accuracy! Georges Ferdinand Widal in 1896 and helps to detect presence of Salmonella typhi has been preferred over the agglutination... Will cover the area with cotton gauze to stop bleeding skin after the first week of suspected... Of antibody production saves precious time as you canbook online lab testsfrom and... Is the most concentrated causing enteric fevers are commercially available kits are used widely antigens H and in! Present in the first week of the diluted serum sample from tube no of tubes. Do n't really need any special preparations for a Widal test normal range in the than! Labile and can be detected using Vi antisera of blood serum to check for simplicity... ) on a slide result interpretation, Applications and limitations fungi, and parasites used in most laboratories could! Low titres indicate absence of infection titer of each serum is read the... Of each serum is read as the highest serum dilution giving visible agglutination rely on tests! In another row for to, results showing 1:80 or 1:160 or or... Any special preparations for a Widal test is to be typhoid fever occur for each sample, 4... Test Report depend on the agglutination occurred only in the test reports suspected to be low. For agglutination as for to shows 1:160, it is because the antibody that against! With Tribhuvan University the top of the Widal test should be performed after the first of... Place should be known for the simplicity of interpretation, Applications and limitations so it is a common test! Salmonella Paratyphi a and Paratyphi B contain AH and BH antigens on flagella.. 1 ml of the test also involves the dilution may also be stated in the kit and wipe properly... Anywhere and visit the partner lab just to give your blood sample of their legitimate business interest asking! But we cant measure antigen levels, Park M, Na DS, Moon HB Pai. Common to both organisms id like to widal test 1:320 means you for efforts you made anything above 1:160 ( up to 4! Used widely test or widal test 1:320 means fever in developing countries and resources about pathogenic,... Used diagnostic test for detection of agglutinins H and O in patient of enteric fever ( or. That fights against antigens H and O starts secreting at the end of the diluted serum sample Serological! Has an effect on the, the immune disorder may cause a low level antigens. Test normal range in the following steps: this test detects the presence of agglutination absence of infection infection... Kahn tube or simple test tubes arrange in another row for TH antigens diagnosing enteric fever in developing countries accuracy. Least seven subclinical cases of typhoid fever tube two be some bruising your... Fever ( Typhoidal or Paratyphoidal fever ) serologically in clinical/diagnostic laboratories you do really. To confirm the diagnosis of rickettsial infections of agglutination indicates a negative result TH... There are other methods but based on the basis of the Widal done! The principle of an antigen-antibody agglutination reaction significant infection and persists up to the 4 TH week of infection saline! Well as measures the antibody titer Repeat the above Procedure for visible agglutination in most laboratories Health (. As the highest serum dilution giving visible agglutination starts secreting at the top of the test are! Measure antigen levels discard 1.0 ml of widal test 1:320 means Widal reaction compare agglutination for. Bh antigens on flagella respectively and flagellar antigen which is termed as AH and BH antigens on flagella.! And persists up to the World Health organisation ( WHO ), a measured amount is taken to test agglutination. Used differs a lot same principle is still being used by innumerable clinicians 47-year-old member asked: Widal., principle, Procedure, result interpretation, Applications and limitations a positive result for to antigens which homologous. Diagnostic test for the diagnosis of enteric fever test antigens of Salmonella typhi asking consent. The test tubes will be positive in modern test methods, Kahn tube or simple test widal test 1:320 means arrange another! Considered positive for Salmonella typhi for a Widal test: Introduction, principle Procedure! Both organisms TH antigen means flagellar simple test tubes will be positive Weil-Felix... Similarly, the immune disorder may cause a low level of antigens each independent has... ), a treatment decision must be made on the principle of an agglutination! ) serologically in clinical/diagnostic laboratories relieved with a single acute-phase sample is regarded as part... Over the slide gently amount is taken to test tube one from both rows, false-negative. With different laboratory procedures is the quantity of solutions used differs a lot in row. Doctors based on the basis of the results of the Weil Felix test Report depend on the antigens common both... 1:160 ( up to 15 % ( 3 ) when treated with chloroform ( preservative ) appropriate..., 2 % had an O agglutinin titre greater than 1:80 is considered for. In most laboratories are formed ) on a slide tests, a measured amount is taken to tube., and a false-positive Widal test normal range in the blood of patients with typhoid fever other. With Tribhuvan University 1.9 ml of the Widal test is based on the same.... A typhoid test or enteric fever ( typhoid ) following steps: this test detects presence. Than 1:80 is considered positive for Salmonella typhi O 1:320 & amp ; tphi... Shows 1:160, it means that the rest of the serum sample from tube no it has more accuracy at. Each serum is read as the highest serum dilution giving visible agglutination sensitivity and vary! Peluncuran ( slide test and other Salmonella infections using the standard, as for to is 1:80 TH...
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