Discover world-changing science. Saloniemi H., Whl K., Nyknen-Kurki P., Kallela K., Saastamoinen I. Phytoestrogen content and estrogenic effect of legume fodder. and J.T. (2018) showed no effect of soy isoflavones on plasma concentrations of lipoprotein a (Lpa), a low-density lipoprotein associated with increased cardiovascular risk due to its pro-thrombotic and atherogenic properties [63]. Dong J.Y., Qin L.Q. Oral isoflavone supplementation on endometrial thickness: A meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials. Concerning this issue, six meta-analyses and two systematic reviews are included in the present review (Table 5). Regarding cancer, scientific evidence suggests that isoflavones could be useful in reducing the risk of suffering some types of cancer, such as breast and endometrial cancer, but further studies are needed to confirm these results. Presence of four chemical forms of the three isoflavones found in soybeans. Postprandial lipemia detects the effect of soy protein on cardiovascular disease risk compared with the fasting lipid profile. The light reflected off the moon has an effect on life on Earth, which isn't surprising, but not every lunar influence is heralded by a wolf's howl. Magee P.J. Regarding the mechanisms by which isoflavones act to alleviate vasomotor symptoms, is has been proposed that they bind to estrogen receptors and activate endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) transcription, leading to eNOS synthesis and nitric oxide production, the main mediator of vasodilatation, which allows cutaneous heat dissipation [91] (Figure 6). By Marie If you're a gardener, you know that the moon cycles affect plant growth. Isoflavone Supplements for Menopausal Women: A Systematic Review. Association of isoflavone biomarkers with risk of chronic disease and mortality: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Lund S., Holman G.D., Schmitz O., Pedersen O. (2016) analyzed the effect of oral isoflavone supplementation on endometrial thickness in pre- and post-menopausal women, which is a biomarker for the proliferative effects of estrogens associated with an increased endometrial risk [72]. aimed to compare the effects of animal and plant-sourced proteins on lipemia . It has been described that after the oral intake of isoflavones, their peak plasma concentration in humans occurs at around seven hours [33]. Since hepatic lipase and lipoprotein lipase hydrolyze triglycerides into their constituents glycerol and fatty acids, their activation results in the delivery of the fatty acids to tissues such as muscle and adipose tissue. and transmitted securely. 1Nutrition and Obesity Group, Department of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) and Lucio Lascaray Research Institute, 01006 Vitoria, Spain; sue.uhe@zemog.aoias (S.G.-Z. The results showed no significant association between isoflavone consumption and gastric cancer risk, with the highest (0.675.5 mg/day) versus the lowest (0.0120.1 mg/day) categories of dietary isoflavone intake. In this revision, three systematic reviews and five meta-analyses were included to explore the association of isoflavones and markers related to CVDs (Table 3). Jiang R., Botma A., Rudolph A., Hsing A., Chang-Claude J. Phyto-oestrogens and colorectal cancer risk: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of observational studies. Franco O.H., Chowdhury R., Troup J., Voortman T., Kunutsor S., Kavousi M., Oliver-Williams C., Muka T. Use of Plant-Based Therapies and Menopausal Symptoms: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. and J.T. Looking at a few examples of moonlight's. Only one study examined the effects of red clover on night sweats, and a significant association was found, which showed a decreased frequency in night sweats. Cheynier V., Sarni-Manchado P., Quideau S., editors. PV panels have been linked . You J., Sun Y., Bo Y., Zhu Y., Duan D., Cui H., Lu Q. (2017) also analyzed eight studies of prostate cancer, and they found an association between isoflavone intake and prostate cancer risk [61]. Therefore, the authors concluded that the intake of dietary isoflavones paid a protective role against ovarian cancer. In general terms, it has been observed that in Asian countries where there is high consumption of soy and its derived foodstuffs, isoflavone intake is high, ranging from 15 to 60 mg/day [20,21], whereas, in western countries, it is notably lower, around 12 mg/day [22,23,24]. In contrast, the effects on bone resorption biomarkers were more favorable in overweight or obese women than in women with a healthy weight. Bustamante-Rangel M., Delgado-Zamarreo M.M., Perez-Martin L., Rodriguez-Gonzalo E., Dominguez-Alvarez J. Scientists not only seek supporting clues, but falsifying clues as well. Most peculiar is that moonlight exposure causes a rise in blood pressure. Some authors label equol as an isoflavone; however, since it is a daidzein-derived bacterial metabolite and not a naturally occurring isoflavone, this classification is not correct [10]. In the meta-analysis reported by Applegate et al. In the end, isoflavones could be useful in reducing hot flushes associated with menopause. Sulfation of the isoflavones genistein and daidzein in human and rat liver and gastrointestinal tract. Hormone replacement therapy has been proven to be effective in reducing vasomotor symptoms, although isoflavones have gained popularity as an alternative treatment to hormone replacement therapy to relieve menopausal symptoms. Gaya P., Medina M., Snchez-Jimnez A., Landete J.M. Efficacy of phytoestrogens for menopausal symptoms: A meta-analysis and systematic review. The enzymes responsible for the hydrolysis of isoflavone glycosides are glucosidases, which can be produced by the intestinal mucosa or the microbiota [29]. The gravitational attraction between the Earth and the Moon produces two bulges in the ocean on opposite sides of the Earth. Chalvon-Demersay T., Azzout-Marniche D., Arfsten J., Egli L., Gaudichon C., Karagounis L.G., Tom D. A Systematic Review of the Effects of Plant Compared with Animal Protein Sources on Features of Metabolic Syndrome. With regard to the geographical area, the authors suggested a significant protective effect of isoflavone intake in Asian populations, which have a higher consumption of isoflavones than Western populations. In the systematic review reported by Perna et al. By contrast, it seems that soy isoflavones do not lead to a meaningful protective effect on cardiovascular risk. Others, however, consider such notions as prime examples of "New Age freakery". and A.F.-Q. Day A.J., Caada F.J., Daz J.C., Kroon P.A., Mclauchlan R., Faulds C.B., Plumb G.W., Morgan M.R., Williamson G. Dietary flavonoid and isoflavone glycosides are hydrolysed by the lactase site of lactase phlorizin hydrolase. Setchell K.D., Brown N.M., Lydeking-Olsen E. The clinical importance of the metabolite equol-a clue to the effectiveness of soy and its isoflavones. However, the moonlight decreases after the full moon. That's what behavioral ecologist Jenny York learned while studying white-browed sparrow weavers . Nevertheless, the results do not seem entirely conclusive, as there are discrepancies among the studies included in the systematic reviews and in the meta-analyses, probably related to their experimental designs. Most would agree that the daily rising and falling of the moon, along with the monthly waxing and waning cycles, have effects on our oceans and seas. Perna S., Peroni G., Miccono A., Riva A., Morazzoni P., Allegrini P., Preda S., Baldiraghi V., Guido D., Rondanelli M. Multidimensional Effects of Soy Isoflavone by Food or Supplements in Menopause Women: A Systematic Review and Bibliometric Analysis. Isoflavones could be used as an alternative therapy for pathologies dependent on hormonal disorders such as breast and prostate cancer, cardiovascular diseases, as well as to minimize menopausal symptoms. Therefore, it is necessary to support these results with additional studies. aimed to compare the effects of animal and plant-sourced proteins on lipemia and blood pressure [60]. Bhathena S.J., Velasquez M.T. The lunar effect is a purported unproven correlation between specific stages of the roughly 29.5-day lunar cycle and behavior and physiological changes in living beings on Earth, including humans. Publishers Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Anywise, it has been observed that both isoflavones are demethylated by microbiota, formononetin to daidzein and biochanin A to genistein. Reproductive and developmental toxicity studies have stated that 1 g and 2 g of equol per day is safe [96], although further studies are required [92]. In like manner, a meta-analysis by Simental-Menda et al. From laboratory experiments, it's known that light intensities as low as 0.1 lux (approximately 0.01 foot-candle) during the night can influence photoperiodic time measurement in some plants and animals. Another meta-analysis explored the effects of several pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments in the relief of vasomotor symptoms, taking into account not only hot flushes but also night sweats [89]. However, the authors stated that they could not reach definitive conclusions due to, among other reasons, the lack of inclusion in the review of randomized controlled clinical trials focused on the treatment of osteoporosis in early menopause. The authors studied all possible correlations between isoflavone consumption and the risk of breast cancer. In conclusion, this study reported some evidence that suggests the beneficial role that daidzein and genistein play in preventing breast cancer risk. Due to its structural similarity to the estrogen-like compound 17-estradiol (Figure 1), they are referred to as phytoestrogens. Estimated Asian adult soy protein and isoflavone intakes. However, a limitation in this field is that there is still a great heterogeneity among studies. (2018) performed a meta-analysis of 12 studies, where six were cohort studies, and six case-control studies, with a total of 596,553 participants [81]. At high elevations, acidic fog and clouds might . Arjmandi B.H., Smith B.J. You et al. Isoflavones (high dose: 0.675.5 mg/day; and low dose: 0.0120.1 mg/day). (2015), the authors examined the efficacy of phytoestrogens in reducing hot flushes [86]. Further, Chalvon-Demersay et al. In Japanese men, pre-diagnostic circulating levels of genistein, daidzein and equol did not significantly affect prostate cancer risk. Among the wide variety of flavonoids, isoflavones are one of the most renowned. Abstract BELIEFS that phases of the moon have a differential effect on the rate of development of plants are both ancient and world-wide. HRT: hormone replacement therapy, RCT: randomized controlled trial, VSM: vasomotor symptoms. Kurzer M.S., Xu X. Dietary phytoestrogens. Due to a decline in sunlight, the development of leaves . (2016) reviewed seven studies and concluded that the evidence supports the fact that isoflavones, at a dose of 5020 mg/day, decrease the frequency of hot flushes [52]. Sirotkin A.V., Harrath A.H. Phytoestrogens and their effects. Two meta-analyses, which covered prospective cohort studies, showed that soy isoflavone consumption was not associated significantly with mortality linked to cardiovascular events [56,62]. Indeed, they reported that an increase of 10 mg/day of soy isoflavones consumption was associated with a 7% lower risk of cancer mortality [62]. and Rossi et al. Valsta L.M., Kilkkinen A., Mazur W., Nurmi T., Lampi A.M., Ovaskainen M.L., Korhonen T., Adlercreutz H., Pietinen P. Phyto-oestrogen database of foods and average intake in Finland. They also note that the effects of isoflavones are greater when administered as aglycones. However, when a subgroup analysis by a class of flavonoids was carried out, they concluded that these inverse associations were significant for all categories of flavonoids except for isoflavones and flavonols. In this systematic review, 123 studies were included, with a total number of 516,330 participants. Soy products (0.05130 g/day) and total isoflavones (0.28 to 63 mg/day). National Library of Medicine Regarding blood pressure, inconsistent results were reported in three further interventional studies (n = 406 healthy, postmenopausal or obese participants aged 5079 years) either in diastolic or systolic blood pressure, after a supplementation with soy-protein. Schmidt M., Arjomand-Wlkart K., Birkhuser M.H., Genazzani A.R., Gruber D.M., Huber J., Klbl H., Kreft S., Leodolter S., Linsberger D., et al. The four chemical forms of the three most abundant isoflavones. It follows that additional high-quality, large-scale randomized controlled trials are needed. In fact, the number of isoflavones present was very variable among the different soy food types. Li L., Xu L., Wu J., Dong L., Zhao S., Zheng Q. (2017) carried out a meta-analysis of 143 case-control studies, where isoflavone intake was associated with endometrial, ovarian, and breast cancers [73]. The light of the moon also influences animals that are active in daytime. Comparative efficacy of nonhormonal drugs on menopausal hot flashes. The aglycone and conjugate forms of genistein represent up to 60% of total isoflavones, this being up to 30% in the case of daidzein. The water in the ocean on the side of the Earth closest to the moon experiences a larger gravitational attraction than the water on the opposite side. In this meta-analysis, 32 randomized controlled trials were analyzed with a sample size of 4165 women over 45 years, with a diagnosis of natural menopause. In some cases the purported effect may depend on external cues, such as the amount of moonlight. This fact does not seem to be influenced by genetics since migrating from eastern to western countries appears to cause the loss of this protective effect. The authors indicated that no consensus was found regarding the protective effects of soy isoflavones (2080 mg) and equol (10 mg) on bone resorption. However, the authors suggested that more prospective cohort studies are needed to further investigate this association and that the quantity of isoflavone intake should be accurately measured because flavonoid contents in food can vary significantly. There are a total of 15 3 = 3375 possible outcomes. Indeed, some authors speculate that hepatic and lipoprotein lipase activity may have been altered after variable isoflavone intake from soybean, although no experimental data were provided [67]. Influence of cellular ERalpha/ERbeta ratio on the ERalpha-agonist induced proliferation of human T47D breast cancer cells. Jun S., Shin S., Joung H. Estimation of dietary flavonoid intake and major food sources of Korean adults. Effects of isoflavones in bone health maintenance. Beneficial role of dietary phytoestrogens in obesity and diabetes. Future research in this field should quantify isoflavones as accurately as possible, analyzing larger cohorts and lengthening the follow-up stage. 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